计算机专业英语 Computer English

1. 计算机专业英语 Computer English 高等学校精品规划教材 主编：支丽平 出版社：中国水利水电出版社 任课教师：张 弛 湖南城市学院计算机科学系

2. 教学目标 教学内容 Unit 3 Software System of Computer

3. 了解系统软件的概念以及常见的操作系统 了解应用软件的概念及其特性 了解计算机语言的发展 掌握数据结构的基本理论 掌握关系数据库的相关理论 了解多媒体的基本知识 了解人工智能的基本理论 教学目标

4. Text 1 System software Text 2 Application Software Text 3 Computer Languages Text 4 Data Structures Text 5 Operating Systems Text 6 Structure of the Relational database Text 7 Multimedia Text 8 Software engineering Text 9 Introduction to Windows Text 10 Artificial Intelligence 教学内容

5. Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 1 System software

6. Software refers to computer programs. Programs are the instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form you want. There are two kinds of software: system software and application software. System software is a collection of programs that enables application software to run on a computer system's hardware devices, it is background software and includes programs that help the computer manage its own internal resources. Application software is a specialized programs that enables the user to accomplish specific tasks. Software

7. System software consists of four kinds of programs: bootstrap loader, diagnostic routines, basic input-output system, and operating system. Among these four parts, the operating system is we most concerned with, which helps manage computer resources. Most important operating systems are: Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, Macintosh, and Unix. System software

8. Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the same time, each in its own window. Windows offers graphical user interface (GUI), presents the user with graphic images of computer functions and data. It provides a standard mechanism for copying or moving information from one program to another. This mechanism, called the clipboard, means that information created in one context is instantly reusable in another, you don't need to reenter information or work with clumsy data-transfer utilities. Windows also has DDE (dynamic data exchange) and OLE (object linking and embedding) functions. In DDE two or more applications can be linked. This way, data created in one application is automatically entered into the others. OLE, like DDE, links data between applications. Additionally, OLE allows the application receiving the data to directly access the application that created the data. Windows

9. Windows NT is an operating system designed to run on a wide range of powerful computers and microcomputers. It is a very sophisticated and powerful operation system. Developed by Microsoft, Windows NT is not considered a replacement for Windows. Rather, it is an advanced alternative designed for very powerful microcomputers and networks. Windows NT has two major advantages when compare to Windows: Multiprocessing It is similar to multitasking except that the applications are run independently at the same time. For instance, you could be printing a word processing document and using a database management program at the same time.With multitasking, the speed at which the document is printed is affected by the demands of the database management program. With multiprocessing, the demands of the database management program do not affect the printing of the document. Networking In many business environments, workers often use computer to communicate with one another and to share software using a network. This is made possible and controlled by special system software. Windows NT has network capabilities and security checks built into the operating system. This makes network installation and use relatively easy. Windows NT

10. OS/2 was developed jointly by IBM and Microsoft Corporation. OS/2 has many similarities with Windows NT. It is designed for very powerful microcomputers and has several advanced features. Some of its advantages over Windows NT include: Minimum system configuration Like Windows NT, OS/2 requires significant memory and hard disk space. However, OS/2 requires slightly less. Windows application Like Windows NT, OS/2 does not have a large number of application programs written especially for it. OS/2 can also run Windows programs, but it runs these programs slightly faster than Windows NT. Common user interface Microcomputer application programs written specifically for Windows NT, as well as for OS/2, have consistent graphics interfaces. Across applications, the user is provided with similar screen displays, menus, and operations. Additionally, OS/2 offers a consistent interface with mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. OS/2

11. The Macintosh Software, which runs only on Macintosh computers, offers a high-quality graphical user interface and is very easy to use. Apple Macintosh System 7.5 designed for Apple computers using Motorola's PowerPC microprocessor, is a significant milestone for Apple. It is a very powerful operating system like Windows NT and OS/2. System 7.5 has network capabilities and can read Windows and OS/2 files. It has several advantages: Ease of use The graphical user interface has made the Macintosh popular with many newcomers to computing. This because it is easy to learn. Quality graphics Macintosh Operation System

12. Macintosh has established a high standard for graphics processing. This is a principal reason why the Macintosh is popular for desktop publishing. Users are easily able to merge pictorial and text materials to produce nearly professional-looking newsletters, advertisements, and the like. Consistent interfaces Macintosh applications have a consistent graphics interface. Across all applications, the user is provided with similar screen displays, menus, and operations. Multitasking Like Windows, Windows NT, and OS//2, the Macintosh System enables you to do multitasking. That is, several programs can run at the same time. Communications between programs The Macintosh system allows applications programs to share data and commands with other applications programs. Macintosh Operation System

13. Unix was originally developed by AT&T for minicomputers and is very good for multitasking. It is also good for networking between computers. Unix initially became popular in industry because for many years AT&T licensed the system to universities for a nominal fee. It is popular among engineers and technical people, with the arrival of very powerful microcomputers, Unix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer world. Unix can be used with different types of computer systems, that is, it is a portable operating system. It is used with microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The other operating systems are designed for microcomputers and are not nearly as portable. It also has the advantages of multitasking, multiprocessing, multiuser, and networking. Unix

14. system software系统软件 application software应用软件 accomplish [ə'kʌmpliʃ; ə'kʃm-] vt.达到(目的)；完成(任务、使命、计划、事业等)；实现(诺言、计划等)： diagnostic routines【计算机】诊断(例行)程序[亦作diagnostic subroutine,diagnostic test] basic input-output system基本输入输出系统 operating system操作系统 graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面 mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械,机构,结构机制，原理 reenter [,ri:'entə] vt.再进入；重返 OLE (object linking and embedding) functions对象连接与嵌入功能 DDE (dynamic data exchange) 动态数据交换 clipboard ['klipbʃ:d] n. 剪贴板 Words and Expressions

15. sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] adj.（系统、流程、技术等)极其复杂的，精密的，尖端的，发达的 replacement [ri'pleismənt] n. 交换,更换,代替者21世纪大英汉词典》alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] adj.1. 两者(或两者以上)择一的，二择其一的，可从数个中任择其一的；(两种选择中)非此即彼的2. 供替代的；供选择的3. (两者)互斥的 independently [indi'pendəntli] adv. 独立地,自立地 milestone ['mailstəun] n. 里程碑 merge [mə:dʒ] vt. 【计算机】合并 pictorial [pik'tʃ:riəl] adj.1. 图片的；用图片表示的；由图片组成的；2. 形象化的；生动的 newsletters ['nju:z,letə(r)] n. 时事通讯,时事分析,时事传报21世纪大英汉词典》AT&T美国电话电报公司(财富500强公司之一，总部所在地美国,主要经营电讯) portable ['pɔ:təbl] adj. 【计算机】可移植的，不经修改便可在任何计算机上使用的 multiprocessing [,mʌlti'prəusesiŋ; -'prʃ-] n.【计算机】多重处理(使用两个以上通往同一记忆系统的电脑处理机，能同时处理多项程序)，多道处理 Words and Expressions

16. I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F. （ ）1. System software is a specialized programs that enables the user to accomplish specific tasks. （ ）2. The operating system helps manage computer resources. （ ）3. Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the same time, each in its own window. （ ） 4.Windows also has DDE (dynamic data exchange) and OLE (object linking and embedding) functions. （ ）5. OLE don’t allow the application receiving the data to directly access the application that created the data. （ ）6. With multiprocessing, the demands of the database management program do affect the printing of the document. （ ）7. Windows NT has network capabilities and security checks built into the operating system. This makes network installation and use relatively easy. （ ）8. OS/2 was developed only by Microsoft Corporation. （ ）9. The Macintosh Software, which runs only on Macintosh computers, offers a high-quality graphical user interface and is very hard to use. （ ）10. Unix was originally developed by AT&T for minicomputers and is very good for multitasking. Exercises

17. II. Fill in the blanks with proper words. 1. Software refers to computer programs. __________are the instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form you want. 2. There are two kinds of software: system software and__________ software. 3. __________ software is a collection of programs that enables application software to run on a computer system's hardware devices, it is background software and includes programs that help the computer manage its own internal resources. 4. __________ software consists of four kinds of programs: bootstrap loader, diagnostic routines, basic input-output system, and operating system. 5. Windows offers __________, presents the user with graphic images of computer functions and data. 6. Like Windows, Windows NT, and OS//2, the Macintosh System enables you to do __________ That is, several programs can run at the same time. 7. Unix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer world. Unix can be used with different types of computer systems, that is, it is a portable operating system. It is used with microcomputers, minicomputers, __________, and supercomputers. Exercises

18. The core of an operating system—the portion of the system that manages memory,files, and peripheral devices; maintains the time and date; launches applications; and allocates system resources. 操作系统的内核，是管理内存、文件和外围设备，维持时间和日期，启动应用程序，以及分配系统资源的那部分操作系统。

19. Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 2 Application Software

20. Application software might be described as end-user software. Application software performs useful work on general-purpose tasks such as word processing and cost estimating. There are certain general-purpose programs that are widely used in nearly all career areas. They are word processing, electronic spreadsheets, graphic programs and so on. They are also called basic tools and have some common features. Insert Point Menus Help Button Bars Dialog Box Scroll Bars WYSIWYG Function Keys Application software

21. Word processing software is used to create, edit, save, and print documents. Documents can be any kind of text material. With word processing, you view the words you type on a monitor instead of on a piece of paper. After you finish your typing, save your words on diskettes or hard disk, and print the results on paper. The beauty of this method is that you can make changes or corrections before printing out the document. Even after your document is printed out, you can easily go back and make changes. You can then print it out again. Want to change a report from double spaced to single spaced? Alter the width of the margins on the left and right? Delete some paragraphs and add some others from yet another document? A word processor allows you to do all these with ease. Indeed, deleting, inserting, and replacing—the principal correcting activities—can be done just by pressing keys on the keyboard. Popular word processing software are Word , WPS and so on. They have some common features. Word processing software

22. Word Wrap and the Enter Key One basic word processing feature is word wrap. When you finish a line, a word processor decides for you and automatically moves the insertion point to the next lines. To begin a new paragraph or leave a blank line, you press the Enter key. Search and Replace A search or find command allows you to locate any character, word, or phrase in your document. When you search, the insertion point moves to the first place the item appears. If you want, the program will continue to search for all other locations where the item appears. The replace command automatically replaces the word you search for with another word. The search and replace commands are useful for finding and fixing errors. Cut, Copy, and Paste With a word processor, you select the portion of text to be moved by highlighting it. Using either the menu or button bar, choose the command to cut the selected text. The selected text disappears from your screen. Then move the insertion point to the new location and choose the paste command to reinsert the text into the document. In a similar manner, you can copy selected portions of text from one location to another.

23. Spreadsheet A spreadsheet is an electronic worksheet used to organize and manipulate numbers and display options for analysis. Spreadsheets are used by financial analysts, accountants, contractors, and others concerned with manipulating numeric data. Spreadsheets allow you to try out various "what-if" kinds of possibilities. That is a powerful feature. You can manipulate numbers by using stored formulas and calculate different outcomes. A spreadsheet has several parts. The worksheet area of the spreadsheet has letters for column headings across the top. It also has numbers for row headings down the left side. The intersection of a column and row is called a cell. The cell holds a single unit of information. The position of a cell is called the cell address. For example,"A1" is the cell address of the first position on a spreadsheet, the topmost and leftmost position. A cell pointer—also known as the cell selector—indicates where data is to be entered or changed in the spreadsheet. The cell pointer can be moved around in much the same way that you move the insertion pointer in a word processing program. Excel is the most common spreadsheet software. It has some common features of spreadsheet programs.

24. Format Label is often used to identify information in a worksheet, it is usually a word or symbol. A number in cell is called a value. Labels and values can be displayed or formatted in different ways. A label can be centered in the cell or positioned to the left or right. A value can be displayed to show decimal places, dollars, or percent. The number of decimal positions can be altered, and the width of columns can be changed. Formulas One of the benefits of spreadsheets is that you can manipulate data through the use of formulas. Formulas are instructions for calculations. They make connections between numbers in particular cells. Functions Functions are built-in formulas that perform calculations automatically. Recalculation Recalculation or what-if analysis is one of the most important features of spreadsheets. If you change one or more numbers in your spreadsheet, all related formulas will recalculate automatically. Thus you can substitute one value for another in the cells affected by your formula and recalculate the results. For more complex problems, recalculation enables you to store long, complicated formulas and many changing values and quickly produce alternatives.

25. general-purpose tasks 通用任务 word processing n. 【计算机】字处理 cost estimating成本计算 electronic spreadsheets电子表单 graphic programs图形程序 cursor ['kə:sə] n.【计算机】1. (显示器的)光标 2. 光标移动器，鼠标 a blinking vertical bar 闪烁的竖线光标 the directional arrow keys 方向键 pull-down menu 下拉菜单 representation [,reprizen'teiʃən] n. 表示法,表现,陈述，答辩 Dialog boxes对话栏 Words and Expressions

26. Scroll bars滚动条 preview ['pri:'vju:] n. 事先查看,查阅v. 事先查看,查阅 diskette ['disket] n.【计算机】软(磁)盘，塑料磁盘 (=floppy disk) margin ['mɑ:dʒin] n. (时间,金钱)富余,利润,页边空白,边缘 cut[kʌt] n.【计算机】剪切 copy['kɔpi] n.【计算机】复制 paste[peist] n.【计算机】粘贴 highlighting['hai,laitiŋ] n.加亮 formulas ['fɔ:mjulə] n. 公式,配方,规则；婴儿食品 calculations [,kælkju'leiʃən] n. 计算 recalculate [ri'kælkjuleit] vt. 再计算(再核算,再估计,换算) substitute ['sʌbstitju:t] n. 代替者,代用品v. 代替vi. (for)代替vt. 用...代替,代以 Words and Expressions

27. I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F. （ ）1. You cannot move the insert point around using a mouse or the directional arrow keys on many keyboards. （ ）2. Scroll bars enable you to display additional information not currently visible on the screen. （ ）3. Application programs without WYSIWYG can always display an exact representation of the final printed document. （ ）4. Function keys do identical things in different software packages. （ ）5. When you search, the insertion point moves to the first place the item appears. If you want, the program will continue to search for all other locations where the item appears. （ ）6. A spreadsheet is an electronic worksheet used to organize and manipulate numbers and display options for analysis. （ ）7. One of the benefits of spreadsheets is that you can manipulate data through the use of formulas. Formulas are instructions for calculations. They make connections between numbers in particular cells. Exercises

28. II. Fill in the blanks with proper words. 1. The insert point or__________ shows you where you can enter data next. 2. Typically, the menus are displayed in a menu __________at the top of the screen. 3. __________ stands for “What You See Is What You Get.” 4. The WYSIWYG feature allows the user to preview the document's appearance __________ it is printed out. 5. With __________ processing, you view the words you type on a monitor instead of on a piece of paper. 6. A __________ or find command allows you to locate any character, word, or phrase in your document. 7. The__________ command automatically replaces the word you search for with another word. The search and replace commands are useful for finding and fixing errors. 8. Using either the menu or button bar, choose the command to cut the selected text. The selected text disappears from your screen. Then move the insertion point to the new location and choose the __________command to reinsert the text into the document. 9. __________ or what-if analysis is one of the most important features of spreadsheets. If you change one or more numbers in your spreadsheet, all related formulas will recalculate automatically. Exercises

29. Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 3 Computer Languages

30. Programming languages date back almost to the invention of the digital computer in the 1940s. Computer languages have undergone dramatic evolution since the first electronic computers were built. Early on, programmers worked with the most primitive computer instructions—machine language. These instructions were represented by long strings of ones and zeroes. The first assembly languages emerged in the late 1950s with the introduction of commercial computers. It maps machine instructions to human-readable mnemonics, such as ADD and MOV. Computer programmers use assembly languages to make machine-language programs easier to write. The first procedural languages were developed in the late 1950s to early 1960s: FORTRAN, created by John Backus1, and then COBOL, created by Grace Hopper . The first functional language was LISP, written by John McCarthy in the late 1950s. Although heavily updated, all three languages are still widely used today. Programming languages

31. In the late 1960s, the first object-oriented languages, such as SIMULA, emerged. Logic languages became well known in the mid 1970s with the introduction of PROLOG3, a language used to program artificial intelligence software. During the 1970s, procedural languages continued to develop with ALGOL, BASIC, PASCAL, C, and Ada. SMALLTALK 6 was a highly influential object-oriented language that led to the merging of object-oriented and procedural languages in C++ and more recently in JAVA. Although pure logic languages have declined in popularity, variations have become vitally important in the form of relational languages for modern databases, such as SQL.

32. In time, higher-level languages evolved, such as PASCAL, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, and JAVA. High-level languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing words and syntax from human language. They are more similar to normal human languages than assembly or machine languages and are therefore easier to use for writing complicated programs. The problems programmers are asked to solve have been changing. Today's programs use sophisticated "user-friendly interfaces," involving multiple windows, menus, and dialog boxes. The programs written to support this new approach are far more complex than those written just ten years ago. Generally, as programming requirements have changed, both languages and the techniques used for writing programs have evolved.

33. undergo [,ʌndə'gəu] v. 遭受,经历,忍受 evolution [,i:və'lu:ʃən, ,evə-] n. 进化,发展,进展 primitive ['primitiv] adj. 原始的n. 原始人 human-readable adj. 人可读的 mnemonics [ni:'mɔniks] n. 记忆术，记忆法 assembly language汇编语言 correspond [kɔris'pɔnd] v. 符合,通信,相当 roughly ['rʌfli] adv. 概略地,粗糙地 aid [eid] n. 帮助,有帮助的事物v. 援助,帮助 manipulate [mə'nipjuleit] v. 操纵,利用,假造[计算机] 操作 dot [dɔt] n. 点,圆点,小孩子,小东西v. 作小点记号,加小点于,点缀[计算机] 点 procedural language过程语言 Words and Expressions

34. popularity [,pɔpju'læriti] n. 普及,流行 variation [,vɛəri'eiʃən] n. 变化,变动,变种,变异 vitally ['vaitəli] adv. 与生命有关地,致命地,紧要地 syntax ['sintæks] n. 句法 complicated ['kɔmplikeitid] adj. 复杂的,难懂的 approximating [ə'prɔksimit] adj. 大约的,近似的v. 接近,约等于 interpreter [in'tə:pritə] n. 译员,口译者 compiler [kəm'pailə] 编译器,编译程序 intermediary [,intə'mi:diəri] n. 仲裁者,调解者,媒介物adj. 中间的,媒介的[计算机] 媒介 invoke [in'vəuk] v. [计算机] 调用 linker ['liŋkə] n. [计算机] 链接器 executable ['eksikju:təbl] adj.可执行的 spot [spɔt] n. 污点,地点,斑点adj. 当场的,现实买卖的v. 污点,认出,用灯光照射 Words and Expressions

35. I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F. （ ）1. Early on, programmers worked with the most primitive computer instructions—machine language. These instructions were represented by long strings of zeroes and twos. （ ）2. An assembly language statement is composed with the aid of easy to remember commands. （ ）3. The command to add the contents of the storage register A to the contents of storage register B might be written ADD A, B in a typical assembly language statement. （ ）4. Assembly languages share certain features with machine languages. （ ）5. Programmers use machine languages when it is important to minimize the time it takes to run a program, because the translation from assembly language to machine language is relatively simple. （ ）6. In the late 1960s, the first object-oriented languages, such as FORTRAN, emerged. （ ）7. High-level languages are less similar to normal human languages than assembly or machine languages and are therefore easier to use for writing complicated programs. （ ）8. Programs written in a high-level language may take longer to execute and use up more memory than programs written in an assembly language. （ ）9. Because the time-consuming task of translating the source code into machine language has already been accomplished, compilers produce a program that is very fast each time it is run. Exercises

36. II. Fill in the blanks with proper words. 1. Computer programmers use assembly languages to make __________ programs easier to write. 2. __________ languages are also used when some part of the computer has to be controlled directly, such as individual dots on a monitor or the flow of individual characters to a printer. 3. __________ languages are relatively sophisticated sets of statements utilizing words and syntax from human language. 4. A __________ translates the code into an intermediary form. This step is called compiling, and produces an object file. 5. The compiler then invokes a __________, which turns the object file into an executable program. Exercises

37. Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 4 Data Structures

38. A single integer can be very useful if we need a counter, a sum, or an index in a program, but generally we must also deal with data that have lots of parts, such as a list. We describe the logical properties of such a collection of data as an abstract data type; we call the concrete implementation of the data a data structure. When a program’s information is made up of component parts, we must consider an appropriate data structure. Data structures have a few features worth noting. First, they can be “decomposed” into their component elements. Second, the arrangement of the elements is a feature of the structure that affects how each element is accessed. Third, both the arrangement of the elements and the way they are accessed can be encapsulated. We use the same approach to data structures in our programs. A data structure is defined by (1) the logical arrangement of data elements, combined with (2) the set of operations we need to access the elements. Data Structures

39. In modeling data in a program, we wear many hats. That is, we must determine the logical picture of the data, choose the representation of the data, and develop the operations that encapsulate this arrangement. During this process, we consider data from three different perspectives, or levels: 1. Application (or user) level: A way of modeling real-life data in a specific context; also called the problem domain. 2. Logical (or abstract) level: An abstract view of the data values (the domain) and the set of operations to manipulate them. 3. Implementation level: A specific representation of the structure to hold the data items, and the coding of the operations in a programming language (if the operations are not already provided by the language).

40. Without telling how the operations work. It tells what but not how. For instance, the abstract view of checking in a book can be summarized in the following specification: The only communication from the user into the implementation level occurs in terms of input specifications and allowable assumptions—the preconditions of the accessing routines. The only output from the implementation level back to the user is the transformed data structure described by the output specifications, or postconditions, of the routines. The abstract view hides the data structure, but provides windows into it through the specified accessing operations.

41. considerablyadv. 相当地；非常地 subsume [səb'sju:m] vt. 把……归入；把……包括在内 abstract data type[计]抽象数据类型 comprehensive [,kɔmpri'hensiv] adj. 广泛的；综合的 representative [,repri'zentətiv] a. 代表性的 succinctly adv. 简洁地；简便地 propertiesn. 性能；道具，内容（property的复数形式） be characterized by具有…的特性；以…为特征 integer ['intidʒə] n. 整数；完整的事物；整体 decompose [,di:kəm'pəuz] vi. 分解；使腐烂 encapsulated [in'kæpsəleitid] adj. 密封的；包在荚膜内的 Dewey decimal system杜威十进分类法；杜威十进制系统 manipulate [mə'nipjuleit] vt. 操作；操纵；巧妙地处理； specification [,spesifi'keiʃən] n. 规格；详述；说明书 algorithmsn. 算法；算法式（algorithm的复数） Words and Expressions

42. model ['mɔdəl] vt. 模仿；模拟； application [,æpli'keiʃən] n. 应用；申请；敷用；应用程序 domain [dəu'mein] n.域名 perspective [pə'spektiv] n. 透视图；远景；观点 character ['kærəktə] n. 字符 composite ['kɔmpəzit] adj. 合成的；复合的；菊科的 analogy [ə'nælədʒi] n. 类似；类推；类比 library of congressn. 美国国会图书馆 reserve [ri'zə:v] vt. 保留 patronsn. 赞助人；庇护人；老顾客（patron的复数） invoke [in'vəuk] vt. 调用；祈求；恳求；引起 cataloge v. 将…编入目录；登记 locate [ləu'keit, 'ləu] vt. 位于；查找…的地点 transform [træns'fɔ:m, trænz-, trɑ:n-] vt. 改变，使…变形；转换 postcondition [,pəustkən'diʃən] 后置条件 routine [ru:'ti:n] n.程序;日常工作 Words and Expressions

43. I. True or false? If correct, write T in parentheses; Otherwise, write F. （ ）1. Historically, a course on data structures has been a mainstay of most computer science departments. （ ）2. A single integer cannot be very useful if we need a counter, a sum, or an index in a program. （ ）3. Application (or user) level: A way of modeling real-life data in a specific context; also called the problem domain. （ ）4. At the logical level, we deal with the “how” questions. （ ）5. The goal of our design approach is to hide the implementation level from the user. （ ）6. The abstract view hides the data structure, but provides windows into it through the specified accessing operations. Exercises

44. II. Fill in the blanks with proper words. 1. The term abstract data type describes a comprehensive collection of ________ and________. 2. We describe the logical properties of such a collection of data as an________. 3. We call the concrete implementation of the data a________. 4. The topic of data structures has now been subsumed under the broader topic of ________data types (ADTs)—the study of classes of objects whose logical behavior is defined by a set of values and a set of operations. 5. ________ (or abstract) level: An abstract view of the data values (the domain) and the set of operations to manipulate them. 6. At the implementation level, we deal with the “________” questions. Exercises

45. Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises Text 5 Operating Systems

46. An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless. As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.  GUI Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems.  System 7.x Windows 98 Windows CE Operating system

47. Multi-user A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time or different times. Below are some examples of multi-user operating systems. Linux Unix Windows 2000 Multiprocessing An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems. Linux Unix Windows 2000

48. Multitasking An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems. Unix Windows 2000 Multithreading Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are: Linux Unix Windows 2000 What's New in Windows Vista? So what's new in Windows Vista? Aside from all the new tools and features we've just described, perhaps what's new for you in Windows Vista is a feeling of renewed confidence that you can easily and safely do what you want on your computer without worrying that someone or something will cause you all sorts of trouble.

49. operating system操作系统 category ['kætiɡəri] n.种类；部属；类目；类别 Graphical User Interface（GUI）图形用户界面 navigate ['nævigeit] v. 航行,驾驶,操纵 multiuser [mʌlti'ju:zə(r)] n. 多用户 multiprocessing ['mʌlti,tɑ:skiŋ;-,tæsk-] n.【计算机】多重处理(使用两个以上通往同一记忆系统的电脑处理机，能同时处理多项程序)，多道处理 multitasking ['mʌlti,tɑ:skiŋ;-,tæsk-] n.【计算机】多任务处理；多种功能，多道操作 multithreading [mʌlti'θrediŋ] n.【计算机】多道穿插 folder ['fəuldə] n. 文件夹； narrow down限制；缩小；减少；变窄 feature ['fi:tʃə] n. 容貌；特色，特征 locations n. 位置；定位件；地点（location的复数） address bar 地址栏 oriented [‘ɔ:rientid; ’əu-] comb.form[加在名词后构成形容词]表示“以…为方向的”，“以…为目标的”；“适合于…的 Words and Expressions

50. customize ['kʌstəmaiz] vt. 定做，按客户具体要求制造 portable computer便携式计算机 configure [kən'fiɡə] vt. 使成形；安装 navigate ['næviɡeit] vt. 航行于；驾驶，操纵；使通过 Ease of Access Center 轻松访问中心 modify ['mɔdifai] vt. 修改，修饰；更改 Security Center 安全中心 lurk [lə:k] vi.潜藏;埋伏; 潜伏 cyberspace ['saibə,speis] n. 网络空间 pop up v. 突然出现 password ['pɑ:swə:d, 'pæs-] n. 密码；口令 permission [pə'miʃən] n. 允许，许可 authorized ['ɔ:θəraizd] adj. 经授权的；经认可的 hacker n. 黑客，骇客；电脑黑客 virus n. 病毒 Windows Defender视窗防护 Words and Expressions