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Developmental Aspects

Developmental Aspects. Developmental Aspects. At birth, the skull bones are still incomplete The un-ossified remnants of fibrous membranes between skull bones are called fontanels. Developmental Aspects. Fontanels Allow for infant’s head to be slightly compressed during birth

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Developmental Aspects

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  1. Developmental Aspects

  2. Developmental Aspects • At birth, the skull bones are still incomplete • The un-ossified remnants of fibrous membranes between skull bones are called fontanels

  3. Developmental Aspects • Fontanels • Allow for infant’s head to be slightly compressed during birth • Allows for growth of brain of fetus and infant

  4. Developmental Aspects • A baby’s pulse may be felt in fontanels – • Fontanel means little fountain

  5. Developmental Aspects • The large diamond shaped fontanel called anterior fontanel is soft up to 2 years old. • Other fontanels are replaced by bone by the end of 1st year

  6. Developmental AspectsFetal Skull • Bones such as the mandible and maxilla are unfused in fetal skeleton • fuse by about 2 years Figure 7.33

  7. Developmental AspectsGrowth Rates • At birth, the cranium is huge relative to the face • Mandible and maxilla are short - but lengthen with age Figure 7.34

  8. By 9 months, the cranium is half of its adult size • By 8 or 9 years, cranium has almost reached adult proportions • Between 6 and 13, face grows more rapidly to adult proportions

  9. Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature • Only thoracic and sacral curvatures are present at birth • The primary curvatures are convex posteriorly, causing the infant spine to arch like a four-legged animal

  10. Developmental Aspects: Spinal Curvature • Secondary curvatures – cervical and lumbar – are convex anteriorly and are associated with the child’s development • Cervical at 3 months when infant starts to raise head, and lumbar at 12 months when baby starts to walk

  11. Growth Rates • At birth, the head and trunk are about 1 ½ times as long as the lower limbs • The arms and legs grow at a faster rate than the head and trunk, leading to adult proportions, so… • By 10, the head and trunk are approximately the same height as the lower limbs.

  12. Growth Rates • During puberty, female pelvis broadens • During puberty, male skeleton becomes more robust • Once adult height is reached, skeleton changes very little until old age

  13. Developmental Aspects: Old Age • Intervertebral discs become thin, less hydrated, and less elastic • Risk of disc herniation increases

  14. Developmental Aspects: Old Age • Loss of stature by several centimeters is common after age 55 • Further shortening can be produced by osteoporosis or by kyphosis • Costal cartilages ossify causing the thorax to become rigid

  15. Developmental Aspects: Old Age • All bones lose mass – cranial bones lose less mass than most, but changes in facial contours with age are common • As bones become more porous, they are more likely to fracture – especially the vertebrae and the neck of the femur

  16. Our skeleton is the protector and supporter of other body systems All systems are connected

  17. Skeletal and Muscular Systems • Without our skeletal system, our muscles would be almost useless • Muscle pull on bones increases bone strength and viability, and helps determine bone shape • Skeletal system provides levers for our muscles and ionic calcium for muscle activity

  18. Skeletal and Integumentary Systems • Our integumentary system provides vitamin D needed for proper calcium absorption

  19. Skeletal and Nervous Systems • Skeletal system protects brain and spinal cord and provides calcium ions needed for neural function

  20. Skeletal and Endocrine Systems • Endocrine system provides hormones that regulate uptake and release of calcium frm bone and hormones that promote long bone growth and maturation

  21. Skeletal and Cardiovascular Systems • Bone marrow cavities provide site for blood cell formation • Cardiovascular system delivers nutrients and oxygen to bones and carries away wastes

  22. Skeletal and Respiratory Systems • Skeletal system protects lungs with ribs • Respiratory system provides oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide

  23. Skeletal and Digestive Systems • Digestive system provides nutrients needed for bone health and growth

  24. Skeletal and Urinary Systems • Urinary system activates vitamin D and disposes of nitrogenous wastes

  25. Quiz – Next time! Study Guide

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