Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Disaster and Defeat Map: Russian Campaign,1812 The Last Campaigns The Congress of Vien

1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Disaster and Defeat Map: Russian Campaign,1812 The Last Campaigns The Congress of Vienna Map: Europe after the Congress of Vienna Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

2. Preview, continued The Revolution’s Legacy Faces of History: Prince Klemens von Metternich Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts Video: The Impact of the French Revolution Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction

3. Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction Main Idea After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe. • Reading Focus • What events caused disaster and defeat for Napoleon? • What were Napoleon’s last campaigns? • What did the Congress of Vienna achieve? • What is the legacy of the French Revolution?

4. Disaster and Defeat • Portugal • Napoleon surprised by inability to control Portugal • Peninsular campaign was a failure • Russia • Czar Nicholas I didn’t like French troops on western border • Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports • CostlyMistake • Napoleon turned east in 1812 • Hoped to teach Russia a lesson

6. The Russian Campaign • June 1812 • Napoleon and army of 600,000 troops • Marched across Russian border • French Army • New recruits with no loyalty • Supplies lost or spoiled • Disease, desertion, and hunger • No One to Fight • Russian troops pulled east • French victory at Borodino, but Russian army still strong • Pushed to Moscow but found city in flames • Retreat Homeward • Ruined city, no winter supplies • Starvation and freezing temperatures decimated army • Only 94,000 men survived

7. Defeat and Exile to Elba • Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against France • Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced • In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of the Nations near Leipzig • In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris. • Terms of surrender—Napoleon gave up throne and went into exile on tiny island of Elba

8. Identify Cause and Effect What factors contributed to Napoleon’s failure in Russia? Answer(s): soldiers lacked loyalty to Napoleon, extreme heat, supplies lost or spoiled, disease, desertion, hunger, Russian troops withdrew, harsh Russian winter

9. The Last Campaigns • The Hundred Days • French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII • King unpopular; Napoleon returns after year in exile • Louis panicked and fled; Napoleon declared outlaw by allies • Paris cheered Napoleon’s return • Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days

10. Battle of Waterloo Napoleon’s Final Days • Duke of Wellington led final confrontation • Battle of Waterloo • British and Prussian armies • Crushing defeat for Napoleon • End of the Napoleonic Wars • Tried to escape capture, sent to exile in Saint Helena • Volcanic island in South Atlantic • Remained imprisoned for six years • Died at 51; cause of death never determined The Last Campaigns

11. Draw Conclusions How was Napoleon able to escape exile in Elba and return to command the French army? Answer(s): hired a ship to return him to France and won the support of people and the army

12. The Congress of Vienna • Negotiators • Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain • Czar Alexander I of Russia • Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria • Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France • Metternich • Distrusted democracy and political change • Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power • Goals for Other Decision Makers • Make sure France could not rise again to such power • Put down revolution wherever it might appear • Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule

13. Redrawing the Map • National borders • Congress changed many borders • Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France • New Countries • Union of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands as the Kingdom of the Netherlands • Austria and 38 German states in German Confederation • Process • Countries that aided France lost territory • Countries that fought France gained territory • Talleyrand arranged trades • France’s loss • Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory • Boundaries back to 1792 • Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for damages

14. Restoring Monarchies • Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries. • Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily. • Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia. • Metternich’s Influence • His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society. • Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press. • Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy.

15. Summarize What were the main goals of the Congress of Vienna? Answer(s): restore order, stability, and balance of power; ensure France could not rise again; suppress revolution

17. Was the French Revolution a failure? After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again Citizens’ rights restricted Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles French Revolution changed Europe Monarchies no longer secure Common people learned they could change the world Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually inspired political movements in Asia and Africa The Revolution’s Legacy

19. Draw Conclusions Why could it be said that the French Revolution is still being fought today? Answer(s): People still fight for the basic ideals of liberty and equality.

21. VideoThe Impact of the French Revolution Click above to play the video.