Goal 3 – Middle Ages

Goal 3 – Middle Ages • Coach Tomlin • World History 1

Goal 3 – Middle Ages • Middle Ages – medieval period after the decline of the Roman Empire. Spanned from 500 – 1500. 2

Goal 3 – Changes • Disruption of Trade – merchants faced invasions from land and sea. • Downfall of cities – cities were abandoned • Population Shifts – nobles retreated to the rural areas. 3

Goal 3 – Germanic Kingdoms • Concept of Government – Personal loyalty bound German Society together. • Germanic people lived in small communities. • Made it tough to establish orderly government for large territories. 4

Goal 3 – Christianity in German Kingdoms • Clovis convinced by his wife Clothilde to convert to her belief. • Church in Rome welcome his conversion and his military campaigns uniting the 2 forces. 5

Goal 3 – German Christianity • Monasteries – religious community centers built by the church in rural areas. • Monks (men) lived in monasteries. Became servants of god. Women lived in convents. 6

Goal 3 - Monasteries • Best educational community. • Venerable Bede, English monk, wrote the history of England. 7

Goal 3 – Gregory I • Gregory I known as Gregory the Great. Papacy (popes office) became secular – worldly power involved in politics. • Gregory used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, help the poor, work peace treaty. 8

Goal 3 – Charlemagne • Charlemagne – reunited western Europe for first time since Roman empire. • Used conquest to spread Christianity throughout. (Muslims-Spain, Other Germanic Tribes) 9

Goal 3 - Charlemagne • Claimed Roman Emperor by the pope. Germanic Power + Church + RE • Strengthened power by reducing power of nobles, surrounded himself with scholars of all languages and expaned monasteries,

Goal 3 - Feudalism • Constant warfare among invaders in europe. • Military and political system based on land ownership and personal loyalty is called feudalism. 11

Goal 3 – V-I- K-I-N-G-S • Vikings are from scandinavia. • Worshiped warlike gods and took nicknames “Eric Bloodaxe” • Vikes would beach their ships attack and set sail again before local troops would arive. 12

Goal 3 – V-I- K-I-N-G-S • Warships – held up to 300 warriors with 72 oars. Could go in 3ft of water so made inland looting possible. 13

Goal 3 – V-I- K-I-N-G-S • Not only warriors but also traders, farmers and explorers. • Leif Ericson reached America 500 years before Columbus. • Vikes accepted Christianity and warmer climates made for more need for agricultural settlements in Iceland. 14

Goal 3 – Social Order • System of governing and landholding • Lord – landowner • Fief – land granted by a lord in exchange for military protection and service. • Vassal – person who received the Fief. 15

Goal 3 – Feudal Pyramid • King – top of pyramid • Nobles, Church Officals – most powerful vassal’s • Knights – warriors who pledged to defend lords land in exchange for fields. • Peasants – workers in the fields 16

Goal 3 – Feudal Pyramid 17

Goal 3 – Social Classes • Medieval writers classified people into 3 groups. • 1) those who fight – (nobles and knights)2) those who pray – (men/women of church)3) those who worked – (peasants) 18

Goal 3 - Serf • Most people were peasants who were serfs. • Serfs – people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born. Bound to the land, but not considered a slave. Wealth of lords came from the labor of the peasants. 19

Goal 3 – Economics • Manor – the lords estate • Manor system was the rights between lord and his serfs. • Lord provided land, housing and protection from bandits. Serf provided work in fields and home. 20

Goal 3 – Manor Life • Peasants paid a tax on all grain ground at the lords mill, tax on marriage, paid a tithe – church tax, 1/10 of their income. 21

Goal 3 – Cause / Effect 22

Goal 3 - Warfare • Warfare keeps Europe in a state of constant turmoil. Lords defended their estates, seized new territories and increased wealth. 23

Goal 3 – Warriors on Horseback • Mounted soldiers became the most important part of army. • Saddle (Asia) kept warrior on horse. • Stirrups (India) allowed warrior to stand up and use weapons. 24

Goal 3 – warriors role • Knights – duty to the lord involved about 40 days of mounted combat each year. Lords would give Knights serfs to manage affairs at home and income so that a Knight could devote all to combat. 25

Goal 3 - Chivalry • Chivalry - a complex set of ideas, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of 3 masters. • Heavenly lord, earthly lord and chosen lady. • Knights were suppose to help the poor and be loyal, brave and courteous. 26

Goal 3 – Mock of Shame • Knight who disgraced the chivalry code faced public shame. • Armor stripped off, Shield cracked, Spurs cut off, Sword broken over his head, Threw into coffin and drug to church for mock funeral. 27

Goal 3 – War Games • Tournaments – mock battles that knights took part in. • Combined recreation with combat training. Two knight armies would charge toward each other. 28

Goal 3 - HOME • Castles became encircled by massive walls and guard towers. • Castle became home to lord and lady, knights and other men at arms and servants. 29

Goal 3 – Castle D • Defense of castle became creative. • Poured boiling hot h2o, hot oil, molten lead on enemy soldiers from walls. • Archers stationed on roof of castle to shoot down enemies. 30

Goal 3 – castle O • Siege Tower – tower that rolled up to the castle walls. Tower would carry soldiers and weapons to tower walls protected. Had a drawbridge at top that would lower onto castle wall. 31

Goal 3 – castle O • Battering ram – made of heavy timber with sharpe metal tip. Swung into castle walls and doors to knock down anything in its way. 32

Goal 3 – castle O • Trebuchet – giant slingshot, propelled objects up over castle walls and into the side of castles. 33

Goal 3 – castle O • Mantlet – moving fence that shielded soldiers. 34

Goal 3 – castle O • Tortoise – moved slowing on wheels sheltered soldiers from arrows being shot from the top of castle walls. 35

Goal 3 – castle O • Mangonel – flung objects into castle walls. 36

Goal 3 – Literature • Epic poems – heroic deeds and adventures. “Song of Roland” most famous and well known piece. • Troubadours – poet musicians at castles and courts of Europe. Composed stories and short verse about the joys and sorrow of romantic love. 37

Goal 3 – Chivalry and Women • Noblewomen were placed on pedestal to where they can be worshiped. • Most women were poor and powerless. • Roles of women – bear children, endless labor, taking care of family/home. • Women were not allowed to receive land in exchange for service. 38

Goal 3 - Church and State • God had created 2 swords. Political sword controlled by emperor and spiritual sword controlled by pope. • 2 leaders could share power in harmony if both kept word to other. 39

Goal 3 - Church • clergy - religious officials. • clergy pyramid - pope - head of churchbishops - settle disputes over church teachingspriest - lowest ranking member. 40

Goal 3 - Church • sacraments - important religious ceremonies. These ceremonies were a way for achieving salvation. (baptism/confirmation) • Cannon Law - church law. All were subject to this law. Two forms of punishments were excommunication and interdict. • Lay Investiture – ceremony in which kings and nobles appoint church officials. 41

Goal 3 – Problems in Church • New Age of Religious feeling was born called the Age of Faith. • 3 problems in church – a. village priest were marriedb. simony – positions sold by bishops in churchc. lay investiture – put kings in control of bishops. • Friars – traveling priest, vowed chastity, poverty and obedience.

Goal 3 - Cathedrals • Romanesque – rounded arches and heavy roof held up by thick walls and pillars. • Gothic – reached upward toward the heavens. Used Stained Glass windows. Spread during medieval Europe.

Goal 3 - Crusades • Age of faith inspired wars of conquest • Crusade – holy war to gain land for holy land • Pope Urban II called for 1st crusade. Motives – economic / relgious • Unite knights as one who fought against each other. If knight died assured place in heaven.

Goal 3 - Crusades • 1st crusade – captured city of Jerusalem but were ill prepared (climate, geo. or culture) • 2nd crusade – Muslims win back city and 2nd crusaders driven out. • Saladin captured city of Jerusalem.

Goal 3 - Crusades • 3rd Crusade – recapture Europe – led by King Phillip, Frederick I (Barbarossa), and King Richard Lionhearted. • Richard agreed to terms with Saladin to bring peace. In return Christians could visit Jerusalem. • After 4th crusade failure Church split into East and West.

Goal 3 – Spanish Crusades • Reconquista – effort to drive out the Muslims from Spain. • Inquisition – attempt to unify Jewish and Muslims in Christianity. Expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain.

Goal 3 – Growing Demands • 3 field system - farmers could grow on fields two - thirds of year. 200 acres in winter, 200 acres in spring and 200 to lay fallow. • Food production increased, population increased.

Goal 3 - Trade • Trade took place in both towns. • Guild – association of people who worked at the same occupation. • Trade increased, towns became wealthier and so did lords. • Lords controlled the towns and levied taxes, fees and rent on the burghers. • Burghers – town dwellers.

Goal 3 - Literature • Vernacular – everyday language of their homeland. • Scholastics – fellow scholars who met to educate themselves. • Teachings on law and government influenced thinking of western europreans.

Goal 3 – Middle Ages