Ancient Greece

1. AncientGreece

2. Geography of Greece • Mountains and the sea most important geographical influence • Caused small independent communities to develop • Encouraged political participation within, and war among • Seafarers, who set up colonies and trade throughout Mediterranean

3. The Minoans • Established in Crete during the Bronze Age around 2800 B.C. • Named after King Minos • Rich trading culture based on seafaring

4. Mycenae • Thrived from 1600 to 1100 B.C. • Alliance of powerful monarchies • Warrior culture that revolved around hunting and fishing • Fighting among Mycenaean states would lead to their collapse around 1100 B.C.

5. The Dark Age • 1100-750 B.C. • Few records exist and population and food production fell • During Dark Age Greeks immigrated to Ionia, Lesbos, and Peloponnesus • Iron replaces bronze improving weaponry • Phoenician Alphabet adapted

6. Homer • Appeared near the end of the Dark Age • Creates epic poems the Iliad and Odyssey • Iliad story of the Trojan War • Poems gave Greeks and ideal past and set of values (courage and honor) • Taught how to be virtuous men and struggle for excellence (arete)

7. Greek Life • Centered around the polis • Polis-town, city, or village where people met for pol., soc., eco., and rel. activities • Acropolis-main gathering place usually on top of a hill • Agora-open aired market usually found at the bottom of the Acropolis

8. Greek City States (Polis) • Varied in size from a few hundred to several thousand (Athens pop. 300,000) • Community of people who shared a common identity and goals

9. Greek Citizens • 3 Classes of Citizens • Citizens with political rights (adult males) • Citizens without political rights (women and children) • Noncitizens (slaves and resident aliens) • Loyalty to polis made city state very patriotic and would eventually cause Greece’s downfall

10. Greek Military • Developed Hoplites around 700 B.C. • Carried shield, sword, and a spear. • Fought shoulder to shoulder forming the phalanx formation

11. Greek Colonies • Settled distant lands • Spread Greek culture and ideas • Colonies founded in Italy, France, Spain, and N. Africa • Increased trade and industry • Helped create a new wealthy class of merchants who would vie for political power

12. Tyranny • New wealth class leads to the rise of tyrants • Tyrant-ruler who seized power by force • Oppressed by aristocrats so peasants supported tyrants • Kept power by using hired soldiers • Tyrants will fall out of favor at the end of sixth century B.C.

13. Greek Governments • End of tyranny allowed new classes to participate • Democracy-ruled by the many (eventually the people) • Oligarchy-ruled by the few

14. Sparta • Based on a military state • Gained chunks of land through conquest • Were rigidly controlled and disciplined • Men entered the military at age 20 • Lived and ate in military barracks until they were 30

15. Spartans Continued • Could marry at 20 • Vote in the assembly at 30 • Stayed in army until 60 • Women lived at home and had more freedom and power than those in other Greek Polis • Women were to remain fit and keep producing Spartan Warriors.

16. Spartan Government • Two Kings created the Spartan oligarchy (ML) • Five ephors responsible for education of the youth and conduct of the citizens • Two Kings and 28 men over 60 decided issues to vote on • Sparta closed itself to the outside world

17. Athens • Originally ruled by monarchy and moved to oligarchy • Athens began to struggle economically leading farmers to be sold into slavery • Aristocrat Solon takes power cancels debts but does not give back land • Leads to tyranny

18. Athens Continued • Psistratus seized power gives land back to poor but still has problems • Athenians then appoint Cleisthenes leader in 508 B.C. • Creates council of 500 to pass laws through open debate • Laid the foundation for the Athenian Democracy

19. Persia • Greeks come in contact with the Persian Empire to the east. • Revolted unsuccessfully against Persian ruler Darius in 499 B.C. • 490 B.C. Athenians defeat the Persians at the battle of Marathon

20. Xerxes Revenge (Persia) • Darius dies and Xerxes vows revenge • Xerxes invades with a massive army of about 180,000 troops • Seven thousand Greeks held them off for two days at the pass of Thermopylae • Traitor showed Persian a way to out flank Greeks • Persian defeat the Greeks and destroy Athens

21. Growth of the Athenians • After defeating Persian months later a defensive alliance is made • Delian League expelled all Persian from Greek city states • Helps Athens create an empire

22. Age of Pericles • Pericles prime figure in Athenian politics (461-429 B.C.) • Turns Athens into a direct democracy • Every male citizen could participate in assembly and vote (43,000)

23. Age of Pericles Continued • Assembly passed laws, elected officials, decided on war and foreign pol. • Paid office holders • Athenians developed ostracism (banned for 10 years)

24. Great Peloponnesian War • Between Athens and Sparta (431 B.C.) • Athens tried to stay behind its walls • Plaque broke out in Athens killing 1/3 population • Fought on for about 25 years and finally loose in 405 B.C. • Weakens Greeks and leads to there demise

25. Daily Life in Athens • Athens has largest population 185,000 (100,000 slaves as well) • Economy based on farming and trade (grapes and olives) • Women were citizens but had no public life except festivals • Marries around 14 and not educated

26. Greek Religion • Considered religion necessary for the state • 12 Gods • Zeus, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, and Poseidon • No body or doctrine • Pretty much everyone goes to Hades • Based around rituals and ceremonies • Oracles used to predict future

27. Greek Philosophers • Philosophers concerned with nature and universe • Pythagoras-essence of universe found in music and numbers • Socrates-Socratic Method-unexamined life is not worth living • Plato-preoccupied with nature and how we know reality as well as gov. (equality for women)

28. Philosophers • Aristotle-analyzing and classifying things by observation and investigation (ethics, logic, poetry, gov. astronomy, geology, biology, & physics) • Herodotus-First Greek Historian

29. Greek Art • Art centered around ideal human form • Ideal Male Nudes • Architecture-Parthenon simple with no unnecessary detail

30. Alexander the Great

31. Macedonia becomes a threat • Macedonia lies just north of Greece • Led by Phillip II Macedonia conquers Greece at battle of Chaeronea in 338 B.C. (Greeks lose freedom, keep city-states but under Macedonian control) • 336 B.C. Phillip is murdered empire is now controlled by his 20year old son Alexander

32. Alexander • Taken by father on military campaigns • Student to Aristotle • Alexander held a global view that Greeks were equal to other races of people • With this training Alexander begins invasion of the Persian empire

33. Alexander the Great356-323 B.C.E. “I had rather excel others in the knowledge of what is excellent, than in the extent of my own power and dominion.” Alexander the Great

34. Alexander at War • Meets Persians at Grancius River wins victory, combined large Phalanx with cavalry • Alexander wins once again at Issus, Persian King Darius III offers truce of 1/3 of empire, Alexander rejects it and conquers all of Persia (Egyptian territory, becomes Pharoah • Battle of Gaugamela—Alexander victorious, ends Persian power, pursues Darius east • 327 B.C. crosses into Indus Valley for battle of Hydaspes river, wins victory continues eastward

35. After fighting for 11 years Alexander returns to Babylon • Dies one year later of a fever at 33 years old, empire divided amongst three generals • Conquered largest empire in the world up to this point • Alexander spread Greek culture and ideas across empire, however also incorporated eastern ideas into his empire began cultural diffusion

36. Alexander the Great’s Empire

37. Alexander the Great in Persia

38. Beginnings of Hellenistic Era • Greek language and culture spreads to other parts of the world ( to imitate greeks) • Divided into Hellenistic kingdoms (Macedonia, Egypt, Persian Empire) • Encouraged greek colonization throughout empires, specialists moved throughout kingdom (architects, actors, engineers) • Spread all aspects of Greek culture throughout empire

39. The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

40. Building Greek Cities in the East

41. Trade in the Hellenistic World

42. Hellenistic Culture • Alexandria becomes center of cultural accomplishments • Alexandria center for academic achievement, largest library in ancient world • Hellenistic art moves from emotion to realism

43. Classical vs. Hellenistic Art

44. Hellenism:The Arts & Sciences • Scientists / Mathematicians: • AristarchusSun center of the universe, Earth revolves around the sun • Euclid wrote ELEMENTS about geometry. • Archimedesperfected the pulley, established pi • Eratosthenesearth was round, calculated circumference

45. Hellenistic Philosophers • Epicureanism (Epicurus) • Happiness was goal of life (pleasure) • Freedom from worry and emotional turmoil, found outside of public activity (government) • STOICISM (ZENO) • Finding inner peace according to will of God leads to happiness • No need to separate from public activity, can serve both

46. The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E.