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Basic Biomechanics , (5th edition) by Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

Basic Biomechanics , (5th edition) by Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. Chapter 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion. What is anatomical reference position?. erect standing position with all body parts facing forward considered the starting point for all body segment movements.

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Basic Biomechanics , (5th edition) by Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.

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  1. Basic Biomechanics, (5th edition)by Susan J. Hall, Ph.D. Chapter 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion

  2. What is anatomical reference position? • erect standing position with all body parts facing forward • considered the starting point for all body segment movements

  3. Directional terms: • superior: closer to the head • inferior: farther away from the head • anterior: toward the front of the body • posterior: toward the back of the body

  4. Directional terms: • medial: toward the midline of the body • lateral: away form the midline of the body • proximal: closer to the trunk • distal: away from the trunk

  5. Directional terms: • superficial: toward the surface of the body • deep: inside the body away from the surface

  6. Reference planes: • sagittal plane - in which forward and backward movements occur • frontal plane - in which lateral movements occur • transverse plane - in which rotational movements occur

  7. Reference axes: • mediolateral axis - around which • rotations in the sagittal plane occur • anteroposterior axis - around which • rotations in the sagittal plane occur • longitudinal axis - around which • rotational movements occur

  8. Forms of motion: Linear motion: motion along a line • Rectilinear motion: (along a straight line) • Curvilinear motion: (along a curved line)

  9. Forms of motion: Angular motion: rotation around an axis

  10. Forms of motion: General motion: a combination of linear and angular motion (includes most human motion)

  11. What is a mechanical system? • a body or portion of a body that is • deliberately chosen by the analyst • examples: throwing arm, kicking leg, the trunk during performance of a lift, the entire body during performance of a maximal vertical jump

  12. What movements occur in the sagittal plane? • flexion • extension • hyperextension • dorsiflexion • plantar flexion

  13. Hyperextension Flexion Extension Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

  14. What movements occur in the frontal plane? • abduction & adduction • lateral flexion • elevation & depression • inversion & eversion • radial & ulnar deviation

  15. Radial deviation Ulnar deviation Lateral flexion Eversion Inversion Depression Elevation What movements occur in the frontal plane? Abduction Adduction

  16. What movements occur in the transverse plane? • left & right rotation • medial & lateral rotation • supination & pronation • horizontal abduction & adduction

  17. Horizontal adduction Horizontal abduction Lateral rotation Medial rotation Supination Pronation What movements occur in the transverse plane?

  18. Spatial Reference Systems • useful for standardizing descriptions • of human motion • most commonly used is the Cartesian • coordinate system • human body joint centers are labeled • with numerical x and y coordinates

  19. Y (x,y) = (3,7) X (0,0) Spatial Reference Systems Cartesian coordinates of the hip

  20. y x = - y = + x = + y = + x (0,0) x = - y = - x = + y = - Spatial Reference Systems Coordinates can be both positive and negative.

  21. Qualitative Analysis: Prerequisite Knowledge • What is the purpose of the skill? • What are the causes of performance errors? • How can knowledge be gained? • experience in performing the skill • reading available literature • attending conferences and workshops

  22. Qualitative Analysis: Planning • What is the question to be answered? • From what perspective(s) (angle and viewing distance) should the movement be viewed? • How many observations should be taken?

  23. Qualitative Analysis: Planning • What plans should be made for: • performer attire • lighting conditions • background • use of video

  24. Viewing Angle Identify Question/Problem Viewing Distance Performer Attire Environmental Modifications Refine Question Make Decisions Use of Video End Analysis Communicate with Performer Collect Observations Visual Auditory From Performer Interpret Observations From Other Analysts Qualitative Analysis: Conducting the Analysis

  25. Chapter 2 Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion

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