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The Study of Minerals Lab # 2 Experiment #1 Page 3

The Study of Minerals Lab # 2 Experiment #1 Page 3 . What exactly is a mineral?. There are 4000 naturally occurring minerals; only 150 are mined for economic reasons. We can make any one of the 4000 minerals in the lab if needed or desired. . Minerals.

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The Study of Minerals Lab # 2 Experiment #1 Page 3

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  1. The Study of Minerals Lab # 2 Experiment #1 Page 3

  2. What exactly is a mineral? • There are 4000 naturally occurring minerals; only 150 are mined for economic reasons. • We can make any one of the 4000 minerals in the lab if needed or desired.

  3. Minerals • Are naturally occurring inorganic solids (without carbon). • Can be made up of more the one element. • Have a definite composition. • Ex: Pyrite FeS • All contain crystals • Have a specific order of atoms called atomic structure. This gives the element specific physical properties.

  4. Physical Properties • They are used to identify one mineral from another. • Each mineral has a unique set of properties called primary properties. • Some minerals contain secondary or special properties.

  5. Primary Properties • All minerals have these properties. • Luster – Metallic and Nonmetallic • Hardness • Streak • Color • Structure • Cleavage • Specific Gravity - also called Density

  6. Special Properties • Not all minerals will have these properties. • Magnetic • Feel • Taste • Smell • Tenacity • Reaction with Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

  7. Metallic Vs. Nonmetallic Luster • Luster - How minerals reflect light. • Metallic – shiny like a metal • # 10 Pyrite has a brassy color mined for Iron (Fe) and Sulfur (S) • Used to make glass brown so used in making beer bottles. • # 2 Galena PbS – ore of lead. Mined for lead (Pb)

  8. Nonmetallic Luster • Does not shine like a metal. • #1 nonmetal glass luster. Rose Quartz. SiO2 • # 7 non metal glassy luster. Talc mined and used in powder.

  9. Hardness - Mohs Scale • Resistance of minerals to abrasion. • Pg 7 in text Mohs scale • Scale is 1-10 and all 4000 minerals fit in somewhere. • Scale is not relative any mineral with a hardness of 5 is not 5 times stronger then a mineral with a hardness of 1. • Everything from talc through diamonds (1-10).

  10. 3 Categories for Mohs Scale

  11. Streak • Powdered residue that a mineral will make on a porcelain plate. • #11 Hematite Red/Brown • 2 types 1 red and one silver. • Silver one used in jewelry making. • Nonmetallic minerals usually do not streak. • If the mineral is harder then the streak plate then no streak will be observed.

  12. Color • Virtually useless property. • # 1 and # 13 are both quartz • They both have the same composition, but the color change is from impurities. • Color is the last property to be used for identification.

  13. Structure • This is the way crystals form. • They need room to grow, and if they have enough room to grow then nice flat sides will form. • If not the crystals will get bunched up.

  14. Cleavage • They way minerals break. • If we break up a one of our sample the pieces will look similar to the original. • This caused by the strength of the bonds between atoms. • #19 Halite breaks into small cubes. Because of the unequal strength of the bonds. • This is mined for table salt.

  15. Directions of Cleavage • 1 plain or book cleavage. • # 6 Biotite and # 8 Muscovite • Both are identical # 6 is rich in iron and # 8 is rich in potassium • 2 plains of cleavage 2 at 900 • 2 plains of cleavage 2 not at 900 • 3 plains of cleavage 3 at 900 Cube • Ex halite and galena

  16. Specific Gravity (Density) • The weight per unit volume. • In English how much something weighs divided by its volume.

  17. Special Properties # 5 Magnetite – Magnetic ; an ore of iron # 11 Hematite – Magnetic ; an ore of iron # 14 feels soapy or greasy graphite. Used as an industrial lubricant. # 19 Halite tastes like salt. Taste # 26 sulfur rotten eggs. Smell # 6 and # 8 Tenacity – ability to bend or flex # 12 Calcite – Reaction with HCl

  18. Today in Lab • We will identify the minerals in our sets. • We will fill in the identification charts on pages 11-12. • Use the mineral identification keys on pages 14-16 for help to complete the data tables.

  19. Due Next Lab Summary page 17 • Complete the mineral charts pages 11-12 • Complete the Summary Report on Pages 19-20 • Questions: 1,5,6,7,10,12,13 and 15 • Ignore questions # 2,3,4,8, 9,11, and 14

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