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Heat Waves and Their Impacts on Human Health in Urban Areas of Central Oklahoma

Heat Waves and Their Impacts on Human Health in Urban Areas of Central Oklahoma. Kyle Thiem, Jessica Voveris, & Emma Fagan University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology Heather Basara Assistant Professor, University of Oklahoma Department of Geography Jeffrey Basara

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Heat Waves and Their Impacts on Human Health in Urban Areas of Central Oklahoma

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  1. Heat Waves and Their Impacts on Human Health in Urban Areas of Central Oklahoma Kyle Thiem, Jessica Voveris, & Emma Fagan University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology Heather Basara Assistant Professor, University of Oklahoma Department of Geography Jeffrey Basara Associate Professor, University of Oklahoma School of Meteorology

  2. Background • Heat waves are common occurrences • Especially dangerous within urban environments • Higher air pollutant concentrations • UHI phenomenon • Chicago (1995), Europe (2003), Russia (2010) Basara et al. 2008

  3. Societal Impacts • Increased heat related and pollution related illnesses during extreme heat events • Increased urbanization in the future • Heat waves are projected to increase in frequency, longevity, and intensity • Better mitigation techniques are needed European Heat Wave of 2003

  4. Research Goals • Expand the current knowledge of the relationships between heat waves, urban environments, and human health • Determine which populations are most at risk during extreme heat events within Oklahoma City at a neighborhood scale

  5. What We’ve Done • Determined our event • July 30 – August 6, 2008 • Sorted through and put all of the data from the Micronet and Census Tracts into GIS for further analysis • 3 types of data: Demographic, Pollutant, Temperature Basara et al. 2011

  6. Demographic • Decided to use Clusters (defined by statistical similarities of demographic data) to group the Census Tracts (Hall and Basara) Hall and Basara

  7. Pollutant • Studies have shown that as stagnant air over a city due to a heat wave can cause an increse in the amounts of pollutants in the air. • Result: Length of heat wave in this event was too short to see an increase in Ozone or PM data

  8. Temperature • Higher temperatures in urban areas apparent (approx. 1-2 C on average), especially at night. • 1ºC increase in temperature above a comfortabilitythreshold correlates to a 1-3% increase in mortality.

  9. What’s Left To Do • Determine climatological average maximum and minimum temperatures to establish comfortability thresholds • Assign vulnerability levels to each Census Tract based on maximum and minimum temperature, population density, and demographic factors. • Combine risk assessment of all factors in GIS to determine which neighborhoods are considered most at risk in final analysis.

  10. Summary • Heat waves are common occurrences, and especially dangerous in urban environments. • Our goal is to determine which populations are most at risk during extreme heat events within Oklahoma City at a neighborhood scale • Determined demographics and temperature exposure to be main risks. • Currently working on last step: defining the vulnerability levels of each census tract.

  11. References • Basara, J. B., B. G. Illston, C. A. Fiebrich, P. D. Browder, C. R. Morgan, A. McCombs, J. P. Bostic, R. A. McPherson, A. J. Schroeder, and K. C. Crawford, 2011: The Oklahoma City Micronet. Metr. Appl., 18, 252-261. • Basara, J. B., H. G. Basara, B. G. Illston, and K. C. Crawford, 2010: The impact of the urban heat island during an intense heat wave in Oklahoma City. Adv. in Metr., 2010, doi: 10.1155/2010/230365. • Basara, J. B., P. K. Hall Jr., A. J. Schroeder, B. G. Illston, and K. L. Nemunaitis, 2008: Diurnal cycle of the Oklahoma City urban heat island, Jour. of Geophys. Res.,113, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010311. • Basu, R., W. Feng, and B. D. Ostro, 2008: Characterizing temperature and mortality in nine California counties. Epidem.,2008, 138-145. • Garcia-Herrera, R., J. Diaz, R. M. Trigo, J. Luterbacher, and E. M. Fischer, 2010: A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003. Crit. Reviews in Envir. Sci. and Tech., 40, 267-306. • Grumm, R. H., 2011: The central European and Russian heat wave of July-August 2010. BAMS, 92,doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3174.1. • Hajat, S., and T. Kosatky, 2010: Heat-related mortality: a review and exploration of heterogeneity, Jour. Of Epidemiol Comm. Health,64, 753-760. • Kovats, R. S., and S. Hajat, 2008: Heat stress and public health: a critical review. Annu. Rev. Public Health,2008, 41-55. • Krunkel, K. E., S. A. Changnon, B. C. Reinke, and R. W. Arritt, 1996: The July 1995 heat wave in the Midwest: a climatic perspective and critical weather factors. BAMS, 77, 1507-1518. • Luber, G., and M. McGeehin, 2008: Climate change and extreme heat events. Amer. Jour. Prev. Med., 20, 429-435. • Meehl, G. A. and C. Tebaldi, 2004: More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st Century. Science, 305, 994-997. • Reid, C. E., M. S. O’Neill, C. Gronlund, S. J. Brines, D. G. Brown, A. V. Diez-Roux, J. Schwartz, 2009: Mapping Community Determinants of Heat Vulnerability. Environ. Health Pers., doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900683 [Available online at http://dx.doi/.org]

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