Inequalities Matter

1. Inequalities Matter RACIALIZED/IMMIGRANT INEQUALITY

2. Test Info • Tu, May 28, 7-9, this room • “Snow date” = May 30 • Accessories = pencil, eraser, pen • Content = ch 1-6 + class • Format = MC + short answers

3. Sample Qs MC (about 60) 1) What is subject matter of this course? a) social change b) social inequality c) class and power d) none of the above 2) Which of the following is NOT addressed in this course? a) social inequality b) class c) poverty d) Evolution 3) This course is about social inequality • True b) False Short Answer: Explain in 3 Sentences (define, characteristics, application) (about 8 out of 11) - social inequality: Symbolic interactionist approaches - functionalist vs conflict models of social inequality

4. March 21 – Intl Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination UN Report Card on Canada? • Good on ya, but… • Racial Discrimination - income, poverty, employment - racial profiling / CJS - violence toward Aboriginal women • A Perspective….

5. Diversity in Canada 2011 • Immigrants = 250 000 per year/ 20.6% of pop - 57% from Asia/Mid (Philippines)/Europe 14% - 95% live in 4 provinces (Ontario at 53%, Q, BC, Alb) -91% in CMAs /63% MTV/ Toronto =38% - 200 ethnic origins /Canadian (10.5m), Eng, Fre, Scot, Irish • Racialized Minorities = 19% - South Asians (25%), Chinese, Blacks - 95% in 4 provinces (52% in Ontario - 96% in CMAs, (2.6 M in Toronto, 1 M in Van

6. Racialized Inequality In Diversity • Existence - income, un/employment, poverty - also power and privilege • Causes - individual, institutional, societal • Cures(?) – Employment Equity

7. Table Earnings* by gender, racialization, and place of birth (in $) Male Female Average • Racializedminority (CB**) $42 433 $33 519 $38 582 • Racialized minority (FB***) $35 329 $27 075 $31 829 • Whites (CB) $43 456 $31 150 $38 529 • Whites (FB) $46 457 $31 627 $40 854 • Aboriginal peoples $32 369 $26 361 $29 290 • * Full-time, full-year earnings for those aged 25 to 64. ** Canadian born *** Foreign born • Source: Adapted from Kunz et al. 2001. Source: 1996 Census, Public Use Microdata File.

8. Problematizing Racialized Inequality Canada’s Colour Coded Labour Market (2006 data, Block and Galabuzi 2011) • Racialized male immigrants = 67 % of white male immigrants • Racialized women immigrants = 48% of white male • Racialized minorities earn 85cents for white $1 (except Japanese-Can) • Racialized families = 20 % (23% OECD) poverty vs 6.4% Pendukar and Pendukar / Woolley • Racialized males (CB) earn 18% less than white males • Racialized females (CB) earn 3% less

9. Con’t Immigrant wages • 1970-1980 vs 1990-2000 (80% for men/87% for women) RBC Study • Recency matters: • All immigrants in full time jobs earned $45 000 or $700 less • Recent immigrants earned $28 700 Second Generation • Grady – earn less, esp Blacks, but not Japanese or Chinese • Gender matters – daughters of racialized immigrants do better than daughters of Canadian born (not true for sons)

10. Why Immigrants Doing Poorly • Earning less, taking longer, stuck in survival job, not utilizing high skills, • Devalued credentials/education etc • Language competence • Canadian experience • Competition from Canadian educated • Racism + prejudice • Foreign born newcomers with degrees outearn American counterparts (Macleans, 29. 4. 13)

11. National Council of Welfare (2012) • POVERTY • LICO measures vs LIM measures • Racialized Minorities (racialized families 20% vs 6%) - 24 percent of Chinese, 20 % South Asians, 18 % Blacks ….. 1 % Japanese • Immigrants - if arrived before 1970 (2%), 2001-06 = 42% - Asia/Middle East = 71%

12. Political representation in GTA • 253 council seats for 25 municipal councils • racialized minorities = 7 percent • Corporate leadership = 4.2 percent • (globe and mail study = 84 out of 1900 = 4-5% GTA slogan, “Diversity is our Strength”

13. Accounting for Racialized Inequality ?Racialized Society • Socially constructed yet concealed all societies = distinction = division of labour = devaluation = deeply embedded in society • Not neutral but ideologically loaded • Racialized society = Slanted toward whiteness as norm, advantaging, desirable • Racializedmins = equal but must exercise….

14. Racialized • Ideas and ideals about what is acceptable, normal and desirable pertaining to race, culture, nationality, religion • Deeply embedded in design, organization, agendas, values, operations, rewards, outputs • Yet little awareness of this systemic bias • Advantaging some (whites), disadvantaging others with respect to power, privilege property

15. Table Explaining racialized inequality: Ethnicity versus Equity paradigms

16. Table Comparing equality paradigms Equivalence-Based Equality Equity-Based Equality Formal (abstract and mathematical equivalent) Substantive (context and consequences) Everyone should be treated equally (the same) People should be treated as equals (different) Pretend pluralism Taking differences seriously/into account Same treatment as a matter of course Customized treatment when situation arises Equal opportunity Equitable outcomes Discipline of the market Government intervention

17. Employment Equity (Week 12) • WHY? Underrepresentation of historically disadvantaged • HOW? • employment equity as philosophy of inclusivity • Employment Equity as government program - who, how, success, debates