Trade and Empire in East Asia

1. Trade and Empire in East Asia HIST 1004 3/4/13

2. Industrial Revolution and Colonialism • Independence vs. Dependence • Development vs. Underdevelopment • Industrialization vs. Exporters of raw materials • Colonies remain in dependent economies with no opportunity to develop industry and high-wage industries.

3. Industrialization in Egypt • 19th century, Egypt begins to industrialize following French colonial rule. • Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) • Build up Egyptian economy and military independent of Ottoman Empire • Importation of European advisors and technicians. • Shift to export cash crops to pay for industrialization. • Britain interferes to protect transport through Egypt.

4. Industrialization and India • World’s largest producer of cotton textiles, handmade by spinners and weavers. • British colonialism in 19th century floods India with cheap British cotton goods. • India’s economy focuses on exporting raw materials for British factories. • British push railroad to move manufactured goods throughout country and bring raw materials to ports. • CowasjeeNanabhoyDavar: 1854, establishes first Indian textile mill in Bombay.

5. Qing Empire (r. 1644-1912)

6. Land Reforms and Internal Revolt • Population increases led to increased urbanization and internal migration. • Minority populations in central and southwestern China were pushed off farm lands. • Northern nomads, especially Mongols, pushed off grazing lands.

7. Localized Authority • Displaced populations lead to internal unrest • Weakening of Qing control in the provinces • Vigilante organizations take charge of police and government.

8. White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) • Began in Central China (mountains northeast of Szechuan province) • White Lotus Society: Messianic Buddhist movement • Sought the return of the Ming dynasty • 16 million people killed • Turning point in Qing authority.

9. The British and Opium in China • 1729 – Qing attempt to ban opium • British merchants smuggle opium from India • Rather trade opium than silver • Smuggling creates price war, spreads opium use and addiction.

10. Qing, Opium, and Foreign Influence • 1830’s: Qing debate legalizing and taxing opium. • 1839: Officials sent to Canton to enforce ban on opium importation. • Britain views ban on opium trade an attack on British interests.

11. Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) • Inefficiencies of Bannermen and lack of navy led to Chinese defeat. Lack of railroads made supply difficult. • Treaty of Nanking (1842): Added four new treaty ports, Hong Kong becomes a British colony, and extraterritorial rights.

12. Opium Wars • Most-favored-nation status: Any privileges China grants another country, must be granted to Britain. • Expands rights of missionaries. • By 1900: 90+ treaty ports.

13. Europeans in Qing China • Prevented total colonization of China. • Treaty ports become exclusive enclaves of European merchants. • Drain wealth out of China through “Unequal Treaties” • Spread of missionaries undermine Chinese culture and Confucian identity.

14. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) • Begins in southern China (Guangxi province) • Mixture of extreme social and economic division, often along ethnic lines. • Hong Xiuquan (a Hakka), believes he is the brother of Jesus after working with American missionaries.

15. Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace • As movement grows, move from anti-Chinese to anti-Manchu • Forcibly change many traditional Chinese and Confucian practices. • 1853: Rebels capture Nanjing, make it capital of Heavenly Kingdom

16. Taiping Rebellion • Western missionaries visit Nanjing, do not see the pious Christian kingdom they had expected. • Opens the door for Western intervention (in return for more promises from the Qing). • 1856: British and French engage in attacks on rebels throughout China.

17. Aftermath • 20-30 million killed • Years of revolt led many to leave China. • Immigration throughout Southeast Asia and to the United States. • Britain and France demand roles in governing Qing Empire to guarantee their investments.

18. Aftermath • Qing prefer working with the US • Hire American advisors • Send students to missionary run schools in America. • Internal divisions and weakened Qing state = increased foreign involvement in Qing affairs

19. Japan and the West • Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1867) • Daimyos: Local lords were allowed to control their lands and populations with little interference. • Closed society: the shoguns barred foreigners from entering Japan or Japanese from leaving, under penalty of death. • Hope to protect Japan from outside influence\invasion.

20. Daimyos and the Outside World • Powerful daimyos, especially in the south, engaged in smuggling and pirate operations outside Japan. • 1792: Russian and British ships appear near Japan, local lords begin building forces to face foreign threats. • Increases independence of local authorities. • Satsuma and Choshu develop wealthy principalities far from the capital.

21. Commodore Perry • 1853: American Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrives off the cost of Japan, looking to use Japan’s ports for trade and a refueling/supply point for American ships traveling to China. • “Black Ships”: large steam ships impress Japanese • Perry delivers a letter requesting the opening of Japanese ports and promises to return in a year for a response.

22. “When We Landed in Japan” • In Perry’s recollection of his arrival in Japan, how does he portray his meeting with the Japanese? • What does the way the meeting progressed say about Japanese society in the 19th century? • In what ways did Perry engage the Japanese? • What message did both sides want to portray to each other? • Historians often say Perry “demanded that Japan open its ports.” Is this reflected in the reading?

23. The Opening of Japan • The Tokugawa advocate opening ports to the US, citing China’s defeats in the Opium Wars. • 1854: Treaty of Kanagawa, modeled on treaties between Chinese and Western powers. • Some daiymodisagree and call for the overthrow of the Tokugawa and the banning of foreigners from Japan. • 1864: British and French shell southern Japan in response to attacks by daiymoon Europeans. • 1867: Choshu and Satsuma daiymos openly revolt.

24. Meiji Restoration • 1868: Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown, Emperor Mutsuhito (r. 1868-1912) “restored” • Meiji (enlightened rulers) Restoration • Encourages transformation of Japan into an industrialized country. • “Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world and thus shall be strengthened the foundation of the imperial polity.” • Embraced foreign ideas, institutions, and techniques which would strengthen Japan.

25. Modernization of Japan • Meiji copy Western practices (German government, British navy, Prussian army, etc.) • Introduce Western postal and telegraph services, railroads and harbors, banking, clocks, and calendars. • Send students to Britain, Germany, and the US. • Adopt Western styles

26. Who are the modernizers?

27. Modernized but not Colonized • Establishment of vocational, technical, and agricultural schools and imperial universities. • State-owned enterprises to manufacture cloth and consumer goods for export. • 1881: industries sold to private investors • Zaibatsu: conglomerates • Relied on foreign advisors, but sent them away as soon as Japanese could fill roles.

28. Modernized but not Colonized • 1855: Tanaka Hisashige builds a model steam train. • 1870’s import railroad engineers from US and Britain, build a line from Tokyo to Yokohama. • 1880’s replace them with newly trained Japanese engineers • Imperial College of Engineering: First professor of electrical engineering in the world

29. Letter to Mitsubishi Employees • Iwasaki Yataro (1835-1885) • Financier and shipping industrialist • Founder of Mitsubishi Corporation • What is Yataro’s primary concern in this letter to his employees? • How does he view foreign corporations in Japan? • How does he see Mitsubishi’s role in developing Japan?

30. Imperial Japan • Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922): Japan must define a sphere of influence including Korea, Manchuria, and parts of China. • Vigorous military industrialization. • 1894: Sino-Japanese War: Japan forces China to leave Korea and cede Taiwan and the Liadong Peninsula . • 1900: Boxer Rebellion: Anti-foreign riots in China. • Japan fights alongside Western powers to put down rebellion.

31. Russo-Japanese War • 1905: Russo-Japanese War: Fight over Manchuria • Japan defeats Russia and establishes a protectorate over Korea. • Humiliating defeat for Russia, cannot keep up with other colonial powers. • Tremendous victory for Japan, only fifty years after engaging the outside world. • 1910: Japan annexes Korea • Japan enters the club of colonial powers.