RESURGENCE OF EMPIRE IN EAST ASIA

1. RESURGENCE OF EMPIRE IN EAST ASIA CHINA UNDER THE SUI, TANG, AND SONG

3. Chinese Dynastic Cycle • Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han (classical China) • Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han • Sui, Tang, Song (post-classical) • Sui, Tang, Song • Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic • Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic • Mao Zedong, Deng! • Mao Zedong, Deng! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqHR1uAc_-Q&feature=player_detailpage

4. ANARCHY IN CHINA • Three Kingdoms 220-280 • Shu Han 221 – 263 • Wei 220 - 265 • Most powerful, eventually conquered Shu • Built an army of Chinese infantry and nomadic cavalry as mounted bowmen • These assimilated nomads later overthrew Wei and founded own dynasties • Wu 222 – 280 • Jin Dynasty 265-420 • Western Jin 265 – 316 and Eastern Jin 317 – 420 • Only time during interregnum when China was united • Intermixture of nomads and Chinese accelerated • Sixteen Kingdoms 304 – 420 • Southern and Northern Dynasties 420-589 • Southern Dynasties • Liu Song 420 – 479 • Southern Qi 479 – 502 • Liang 502 - 557 • Chen 557 ~589 • Northern Dynasties • Later [Northern] Wei 386 – 534 • Eastern Wei 534 -550 • Western Wei 535 – 556 • Northern Qi 550 – 577 • Northern Zhou 557 ~581 • Period Resembled Western European history after the collapse of the Romans • Disunity and civil war between nomads and Chinese warlords • Rival states, dynasties, each controlling a part of the old Han state • Aristocrats, provincial nobles held land and real influence • Many of the northern dynasties were nomadic, both Turkish and Mongol • Confucianism in decline, Buddhism in ascendancy due to its relationship with the nomads • Confucian trained bureaucrats still held much influence • Common Chinese subject to taxes, warfare, drafting into army, frequent invasions, bandits

5. BUDDHISM ARRIVES IN CHINA • Foreign religions in China: Nestorian, Muslim, Buddhist merchant communities • Oases on the Silk Road were very mixed • Became location for foreign settlements, transmission of foreign faiths to China • Buddhism in China • Attraction: moral standards, intellectual sophistication, salvation, appeal to women, poor • Monasteries became large landowners, helped the poor and needy • Posed a challenge to Chinese cultural traditions • Buddhism and Daoism • Chinese monks explained Buddhist concepts in Daoist vocabulary • Dharma as dao, and nirvana as wuwei • Teaching: one son in monastery would benefit whole family for 10 generations • Mahayana Buddhism • Buddhism blended with Chinese characteristics • Buddha as a man became Buddha as a god, saint • Stupa became a pagoda; Buddha became fat or feminine • Chan Buddhism • A further evolution of Buddhism • Chan (or Zen in Japanese) was a popular Buddhist sect • Emphasized intuition and sudden flashes of insight • Mediation techniques resembled Daoist practice • Monasteries appeared in all major cities • Hostility to Buddhism • Resistance from Daoists and Confucians • Popular criticism focused on celibacy, alien origin, • Governmental criticism: unproductive land, could not tax • Persecution • Critics of Buddhism found allies in the imperial court • Tang emperor ordered closure of monasteries in 840s • Buddhism survived because of popular support

7. SUI DYNASTY • After fall of the Han, turmoil lasted for more than 350 years • Three major states contended for rule; further fragmentation • Nomads constantly invaded, created their own states, dynasties • The rule of the Sui • Reunification by Yang Jian in 589 • Constructions of palaces and granaries, repairing the Great Wall • Military expeditions in central Asia and Korea • High taxes and compulsory labor services • The Grand Canal • One of the world's largest waterworks before modern times • Purpose: bring abundant food supplies of the south to the north • Linked the Yangtze and the Huang-Hi • The canal integrated the economies of the south and north • The fall of the Sui • High taxes and forced labor generated hostility among the people • Military reverses in Korea • Rebellions broke out in north China beginning in 610 • Sui Yangdi was assassinated in 618, the end of the dynasty

8. IMAGES OF SUI CHINA

9. THE TANG DYNASTY • Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 CE) • A rebel leader seized Chang'an, proclaimed a new dynasty, the Tang • Tang Taizong • 2nd Tang emperor, a ruthless but extremely competent ruler • China enjoyed an era of unusual stability and prosperity • Extensive networks of transportation and communications • Adopted the equal-field system • Bureaucracy of merit • Recruited government officials through civil service examinations • Career bureaucrats relied on central government, loyal to the dynasty • Restored Confucianism as state ideology, training for bureaucrats • Foreign relations • Political theory: China was the Middle Kingdom, or the center of civilization • Tributary system became diplomatic policy • Tang decline • Casual and careless leadership led to dynastic crisis • Rebellion of An Lushan in 755, weakened the dynasty. Asked for help from Uighers. • The Uighurs became de facto rulers • The equal-field system deteriorated • A large scale peasant rebellion led by Huang Chao lasted from 875 to 884 • Regional commanders gained power, beyond control of the emperor • The last Tang emperor abdicated his throne in 907

10. TANG CHINA

11. TANG ART

12. SONG DYNASTY (960-1279 C.E.) • Song Taizu • Reigned 960-976 C.E. • Founder of the Song dynasty • Song weaknesses • Song never had military, diplomatic strength of Sui, Tang • Financial problems • Enormous bureaucracy with high salary devoured surplus • Forced to pay large tribute to nomads to avoid war • Military problems • Civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces • Military was largely foot soldiers at war with cavalry nomads • External pressures • Semi-nomadic Khitan, nomadic Jurchen attacked in north • Constant drain on treasury to pay tribute to nomads • The Song moved to the south, ruled south China until 1279 • Nomads invaded, overran northern Song lands • Song retreated to the South along Yangtze, moved capital • After defeat, constantly forced to pay tribute

13. THE SONG WORLDNORTHERN AND SOUTHERNDYNASTIES

14. THE SONG ARTISTIC WORLD

15. DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS • An agricultural revolution • Twice flowering, fast-ripening rice increased food supplies • New agricultural techniques increased production • Population growth • 45 to 115 million inhabitants • Between 600 and 1200 C.E. • Urbanization: China most urbanized country in period • Chang'an had about 2 million residents • Hangzhou had about 1 million residents • Many cities boasted population of 100,000 or more • Commercialized agriculture • Some regions depended on other regions for food • Extreme surplus of southern rice allowed cities to flourish • Necessitate vast grain shipments to cities

16. CH’ANG-AN & HANGZHOU

17. NEO-CONFUCIANISM • Taoist, Buddhist Synthesis with Confucianism • Early Confucianism focused on practical issues • Politics, Public Morality, Social Relationships • Confucians drew inspiration • From Buddhism Spirituality • Logical thought • Argumentation of Buddhism • From Taoism Cosmology • Metaphysical issues: nature of soul • Man's relation with cosmos • Xenophobia Contributes, too • Invasions by nomads, Turks and Mongols threatened state • Foreign ideas began to circulate • Too many threats to society, traditions • Zhu Xi (1130-1200 C.E.), most prominent Neo-Confucian scholar • Neo-Confucian influence • Adapted Buddhist, Taoist themes, reasoning to Confucian interests • Made Buddhism Chinese but stressed Chinese roots, values • Influenced East Asian thought • In China, it was an officially recognized creed • Influenced Korea, Vietnam, and Japan for half a millennium

18. PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY • Developments reinforced patriarchal society • Chinese reaction to foreign ideas • Reaction to Buddhist’s gender equality • Neo-Confucianism emphasized patriarchy • Ancestor worship revived • Preserving of family • Family wealth became paramount • Results • Tightening of patriarchal structure • Reinforcing of male domination • Foot binding gained popularity during the Song • Emphasized dependence of women on men, home • Wealthy, aristocrats could afford practice, hire servants to do work • Feet of women broken, reformed around stilts • Women could not walk without pain but had to shuffle • Forced women to remain at home, dependent on others • Male sense of beauty at women’s expense • Poor, peasant women not subject to footbinding • Women had to work with men to support family • Men could not afford to have women at home, idle

19. TECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRY • Porcelain • High quality porcelain since the Tang, known as chinaware • Technology diffused to other societies, especially to Abbasid Arabia • Exported vast quantities to southeast Asia, India, Persia, and Africa • Metallurgy • Improvement: used coke instead of coal in furnaces to make iron, steel • Iron production increased tenfold between the early 9th and 12th century • Gunpowder • Discovered by Daoist alchemists during the Tang • Bamboo "fire lances," a kind of flame thrower, and primitive bombs • Gunpowder chemistry diffused throughout Eurasia • Printing • Became common during the Tang • From block-printing to movable type • Books became widespread • Naval technology • "South-pointing needle" - the magnetic compass • Double hulled junks with rudder, water-tight compartments

20. SONG LIFE

21. A MARKET ECONOMY • Merchants in Charge • Only period in China where merchants socially superior to aristocrats • Merchants attempted to intermarry with aristocrats, become landowners • Merchants attempted to have sons admitted as Confucian bureaucrats • Merchants tended to espouse Confucianism as way into traditional elites • Most large cities had large merchant communities • Financial instruments • Banking and credit institution • “Flying money " were letters of credit • Paper money backed by state, treasury • A cosmopolitan society • Foreign merchants in large cities of China • Mostly Arab (Muslim), Indian, S.E. Asian • Chinese merchants journeyed throughout region • Economic surge in China • An economic revolution in China • Made China the wealthiest nation in the world at time • Promoted economic growth in the eastern hemisphere

22. Chinese Dynastic Cycle • Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han (classical China) • Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han • Sui, Tang, Song (post-classical) • Sui, Tang, Song • Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic • Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic • Mao Zedong, Deng! • Mao Zedong, Deng! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqHR1uAc_-Q&feature=player_detailpage

23. THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION IN EAST ASIA JAPAN, KOREA AND VIETNAM IN THE POST-CLASSICAL AGE

24. GEOGRAPHY INFLUENCES HISTORY • Relative Location • Korea, Vietnam border China • Japan located off coast of East Asia • Physical Characteristics • Korea, Vietnam • Mountainous, cut by river valleys • Population located on plains • Japan • Volcanic islands, very mountainous • Deep valleys with plains • Demography • Populace generally heavy on plains • Rice was principal crop • Cities exist but rarer than China • Cities: centers of Chinese culture • Countryside: resistant to Sinification

25. THE CONFUCIAN WORLD

26. KOREA: THE BRIDGE • Korea in the Ancient and Classical Periods • Influenced by developments in China • Chinese armies invaded periodically • Chinese established control of parts of Korea • Nomadic invasions frequent • Fall of Han left regional Korean aristocrats in control • Korean History 669 – 1392 C.E. • Tang armies conquered much of Korea • Silla dynasty allied with Tang, ruled peninsula • Entered into a tributary relationship with China • Song replaced Tang • Koguryo conquered Silla in 935, ruled to 1392 • China's influence in Korea • Sinification = becoming Chinese • Koreans borrowed what was useful, unavoidable; avoided what was not • Tributary embassies included Korean royal officials and scholars • Silla kings built new capital at Kumsong modeled on the Tang capital • Older Traditions • Ancestor worship strong in Korean society • Korean officials trained in Confucian ideas during Han, Tang but not as strong • Newer Traditions • Korean elite turned to Neo-Confucianism • Peasants turned to Chan Buddhism • Difference from China: aristocracy and royal houses dominated Korea

27. VIETNAM: A BORDER STATE • Nam Viet people originated in Southern China • Rise of Han and southern settlement of Chinese pushed Viet out • Viet migrated into Red River Valley, down coast fighting local inhabitants • Vietnam under Chinese rule to c. 983 CE • Han first conquered Northern Vietnam in 111 BCE • Viet elites adopted Chinese agriculture, schools, thought; intermarried • Massive migration of Chinese official, scholars, bureaucrats to Vietnam • Trung sisters led revolt against Chinese rule (40 – 43 CE) • Peasants resented Chinese influence, role of towns, cities • 1,000 year struggle for independence • Relationship often tributary to China • Independent Vietnam (c. 983 CE) • Ruled by Dynasties, capital moved between Hanoi, Hue • Constant pressure against hill peoples, pushing south • Difference from China • Role of village equal to role of family in China • Few cities; village dominate countryside, elders ran villages • Many Vietnamese retained their religious traditions • Women played more prominent roles in Vietnam • Could be head of households, own land, engage openly in business • Were often leaders of villages and even at national level • Chinese influence in Vietnam limited to the elite • Elites adopted bureaucracy, form of state, emperorship, Confucianism • Adopted Chinese script, literary and artistic models • Mahayana Buddhism (although region is Theravada) also arrived • Irrigation and water control techniques

28. EARLY JAPAN • Ancient Japan • Earliest inhabitants were nomadic Caucasians (Ainu) from Northeast Asia • Japanese related to Koreans, migrated into islands, pushed Ainu north • Ruled by several dozen states dominate by clans, 1st millennium BCE • Shinto: Ancestor veneration with deification of nature, spirits (kami) • Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.) • Inspired by Tang, Yamato clan claimed imperial authority • The imperial court modeled on that of the Tang • Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled on Chang'an • Prince Shotoku wrote first Japanese constitution • Adopted Confucianism and Buddhism, but maintained Shinto • Heian Japan (794-1185 C.E.) • Moved to new capital Heian (modern Kyoto) in 794 • Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority • Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family • Emperor did not rule • Lived in splendid isolation along with court elite • Effected by bureaucrats, complex etiquette • Chinese learning dominated Japanese education, culture • The Tale of Genji • Women contributed most to Japanese literature and writing • Decline of Heian Japan • Equal-field system began to fail • Aristocratic clans accumulated lands • Rivalry between court nobility and landed aristocracy • Taira and Minamoto, the two most powerful clans, engaged in wars • The clan leader of the victorious Minamoto claimed the title of shogun

29. MEDIEVAL JAPAN • Japanese feudalism • Called the Shogunate Period • Military dictators ruled, Emperors reigned in splendid isolation • Government was centralized feudalism • Countryside divided up into fiefs • Daimyo appointed by the shoguns • Adopted Neo-Confucianism as state philosophy • Provincial lords controlled Japan • Called Daimyo, vied for power against each other • Constant war to increase personal power, wealth, fiefs • Kamakura Period (1185-1333 C.E.) • Muromachi Period (1336-1573 C.E.) • The Samurai • The lowest class of aristocratic nobility • Professional warriors of provincial lords • Observed samurai code called bushido • Valued loyalty, military talent, and discipline; traded military skills for food • To preserve their honor, engaged in ritual suicide called seppuku • Japanese Women • Legendary founder of Japan, Yamato clan was sun goddess, Amaterasu • Under Heian • They were the cultural elite with elaborate rituals including dress • Had great influence, including several empresses • Under Shogunate • Lost considerable influence as Neo-Confucianism introduced, warfare spread • Could still be samurai and fight but patriarchal society • Shinto was also male dominated and included ancestor worship

30. Bushido-The Code of the Samurai • The Seven virtues: • Rectitude-upright • Courage-brave • Benevolence-charitable • Respect-consideration or high regard • Honesty-truthful • Honor-respect; praise • Loyalty-unswerving in allegiance

31. FIEFS OF FEUDAL JAPAN