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Promises and Turmoil: The 1960 S

HIST 202 - HESEN. Promises and Turmoil: The 1960 S.

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Promises and Turmoil: The 1960 S

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  1. HIST 202 - HESEN Promises and Turmoil: The 1960S

  2. “...The '60s was the time to be alive; if you weren't there then it's hard to explain. You had to live it: great music and a time for the young to express themselves. [You could be] out of a one job on Friday, and start a new one on Monday. It was the time to break free from old traditions and start to create new ones. The cost of living was cheap, inflation had not been invented and words like 'cost-effectiveness' and feasibility were never heard.”

  3. The 1960s • Best and worst times in history • Postwar economy peaked in 1960s • Racial strife, Vietnam, radicalism tore country apart • U.S. learned its limits in East Asia and at home

  4. John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier • Election of 1960 • Republicans – Richard Nixon • Democrats – John F. Kennedy • Results – Kennedy won by 100,000 votes

  5. Domestic Policy • The New Frontier • Called aid to education • Federal support for health care • Urban renewal • Civil rights • Mostly were struck down in Congress • Most were passed under Johnson

  6. Foreign Affairs • 1961 – Peace Corps • Alliance for Progress • Latin America • Trade Expansion Act of 1962 • Tariff reductions

  7. Foreign Affairs • Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) • Fidel Castro – Cuba • Central Intelligence Agency • Anti-Castro followers • Kennedy denied the incident

  8. Foreign Affairs • Berlin Wall (1961) • Called to meet with Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna • Demanded U.S. troops pulled out of Berlin • Soviets built wall separating East and West Berlin • 1963 – JFK – “Ich bin ein Berliner”

  9. Foreign Affairs • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • Intel – Soviet missiles in Cuba • ICBMs could reach U.S. in minutes • U.S. naval blockade – 13 days • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty – no more testing of nukes

  10. Foreign Affairs • Flexible response • Proactive rather than reactive • Rely heavily on intelligence from CIA • Use of Special Forces (Green Berets) • RETALIATE ONLY IF NECESSARY!

  11. Assassination in Dallas • November 22, 1963 • Dallas, TX • Two bullets critically injured JFK (throat and head) • Lee Harvey Oswald • Warren Commission – Chief Justice Earl Warren • Conspiracies abound!

  12. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society • Johnson becomes president after JFK • Johnson wanted: • To expand on JFK’s civil rights initiatives • Civil Rights Act - 1964 • Voter’s Rights Act - 1965 • Cut income taxes

  13. Election of 1964 • Democrats – LBJ/Hubert Humphrey • Republicans – Barry Goldwater • Extreme conservatism • Hawkish qualities • 1964 commercial

  14. Great Society Reforms • Medicare/Medicaid • Elementary and Secondary Education Act • Cut quota laws on immigration • Department of Transportation • Increased funding for public education and housing

  15. Civil Rights • Some leaders claimed victory for the civil rights movement • The goal was integration • Should be nonviolent • “Turn the other cheek…”

  16. Radicalism in Civil Rights • Malcolm X • Nation of Islam • Stokely Carmichael • Black Panthers

  17. Long Hot Summers… • 1964--Riots in Harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant, New York City • 1965--Riots in the Watts section of Los Angeles. Malcolm X killed in New York (Mujahid Abdul Halim) • 1968--Martin Luther King, Jr. killed on April 4th (James Earl Ray); Robert Kennedy killed on June 5th (Sirhan-Sirhan) • Race riots broke out around the country.

  18. Vietnam • Early stages: • Eisenhower • Kennedy – “domino theory” • Sent “advisors” to Vietnam • By 1963 – 15,000 troops in Vietnam

  19. Vietnam • Tonkin Gulf Resolution • Gulf of Tonkin - 1965 • N. Vietnamese gunboats • Resolution gave LBJ power to take “all necessary measures” in Vietnam

  20. Vietnam • Operation Rolling Thunder - 1965 • USAF bombing attacks • 1965 – 184,000 troops in Vietnam • 1967 – 480,000 troops/16,000 dead • Gen. Westmoreland – “light at the end of the tunnel”

  21. Vietnam • 1968 • Tet Offensive • Massive invasion on U.S. • N. Vietnamese attacked U.S. positions in S. Vietnam • Attacks seen on TV • LBJ doesn’t run for reelection

  22. Coming Apart at the Seams • Election of 1968 • Democratic convention in Chicago • Herbert Humphrey • George McGovern • Antiwar demonstration • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • Richard Daley’s response • Richard Nixon • Won election • Pledged for “victory with honor” in Vietnam

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