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1293 Airport Road Beaver, WV 25813

Subpart L-Scaffold Safety 1926.451-453. Vincent J. Giblin, General President. Phone: (304) 253-8674 Fax: (304) 253-7758 E-mail: hazmat@iuoeiettc.org. 1293 Airport Road Beaver, WV 25813.

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1293 Airport Road Beaver, WV 25813

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  1. Subpart L-Scaffold Safety 1926.451-453 Vincent J. Giblin, General President Phone: (304) 253-8674 Fax: (304) 253-7758 E-mail: hazmat@iuoeiettc.org 1293 Airport Road Beaver, WV 25813

  2. This material was produced under grant number 46C5-HT16 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

  3. Introduction • Subpart L specifies the requirements needed • to safely erect scaffolds or staging. • Scaffolds are temporary platforms workers • use in order to access their work area and to • hold the supplies needed for that job. • Because of the locations and dangers involved, • only trained and competent persons are to erect • scaffolds at the job site. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  4. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirements • All scaffolds are to be • capable of supporting, • without failure, at least • 4 times the maximum • intended load. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  5. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety Precautions •  Never allow debris/materials to collect on • scaffold •  Always use netting to catch anything that falls •  Make sure scaffold is secure Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  6. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety Precautions •  Do not stand • on ties, • guardrails, • or extensions Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  7. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety Precautions •  Do not overreach • outside the guardrails Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  8. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety Precautions •  Stay off scaffold during loading or unloading •  Replace guardrails after loading or unloading •  Use 3-point climbing •  Don’t hang tarps without evaluation •  Exit mobile scaffolds before moved Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  9. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafety Precautions •  Always wear • fall protection • to avoid • accidents Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  10. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsFooting or Anchorage • The footing or anchorage • is to be on a solid foundation; • sound, rigid, and capable of • carrying the maximum • intended load without • settling or displacement. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  11. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsFooting or Anchorage • The use of unstable • objects to support • planks or scaffolds • is prohibited. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  12. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsGuardrails • The use of guardrails is very • important, preventing workers • from falling. Nearly 3/4 of • the reported scaffold accidents • are caused by improper • guarding. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  13. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsGuardrails • Open-ended or open- • sided platforms must • have standard • guardrails and • toeboards. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  14. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsGuardrails • The guardrails are to be 2 X 4 and about 42” • high with a midrail whenever needed. The • supports for the guardrails are to be at • intervals no more than 8 feet. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  15. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsProtective Screening • Overhead protection shall be provided for • men on scaffolds and, in the same sense, • a screen is to be placed • below the scaffold • where persons may in • danger of falling objects. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  16. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe Platforms • Scaffold construction is to • be with the proper grade • lumber with a minimum of • 1,500 fibers (Stress Grade). • This lumber is marked with • a grading stamp and is free • of defects. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  17. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe Platforms • The planking is to be of Scaffold Grade wood • or metal, free of defects that may contribute to • an accident. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  18. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe Platforms • The planking shall be • overlapping or secured • from movement, • extending not less than • 6 nor more than 12” • over their end supports. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  19. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe Platforms • The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds shall • be plumb (vertical members standing • perpendicular to horizon) and securely and • rigidly braced to prevent swaying and • displacement. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  20. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe Platforms • Only synthetic or fiber rope • that has been treated properly • may be used as staging • support where open flame • work or corrosive • substances or chemicals • will be used. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  21. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe Platforms • Any means of support for scaffold suspension • shall be capable of supporting at least 6 times • the rated load. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  22. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsSafe Access • In order for workers to avoid • injuries when getting on or off • the platform, internal stairs or • attached vertical ladders will • be used.Never use the frame • or braces for climbing! Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  23. 1926.451 ScaffoldingGeneral requirementsDesign load • The design load of all scaffolds shall be • calculated on the basis of: • Light--Supporting 25 lbs per square foot • Medium--Supporting 50 lbs. Per square foot • Heavy-- Supporting 75 lbs. Per square foot Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  24. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of Scaffolds • This standard covers many different scaffold • types. We will touch briefly on the three • basic types that are most commonly used in • the construction industry. • 1. Suspension Scaffolds • 2. Supported Scaffolds • 3. Aerial Lifts (Subpart N) Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  25. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead structure) • Single-point adjustable suspension- • These may be power units (either • electrically or air motor driven) or • manually operated winches. All power • operated gears and brakes shall be • enclosed. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  26. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead structure) • Two-point suspension- Theses scaffolds are to be securely lashed to the building or structure to prevent them from swaying. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  27. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead structure) • Multi-point suspension- Capable of • sustaining a working load of 25 pounds • per square foot. The platform shall be • securely fastened to the hangers by U- • bolts or other equivalent means. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  28. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead structure) • Needle beam- Ropes or hangers used as • supports, shall be attached to the needle • beams by a scaffold hitch or a properly • made eye splice. The loose end of the • rope shall be tied by a bowline knot or by • a round turn and a half hitch. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  29. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds (hung from an overhead structure) • Interior hung- Hung or suspended from • the roof structure or ceiling beams by rope • capable of supporting at least 6 times the • rated load. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  30. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds • The workers on these scaffolds are to wear fall protection at all times. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  31. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds • These suspension scaffolds must: •  Be solidly attached to a structure •  Be regularly serviced and inspected •  Have proper guardrails, netting, and toeboards •  Be at least 20” wide but no wider than 36” Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  32. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds • Upon meeting these requirements, the platform • can be one of four types: •  Plank type •  Beam-type •  Light metal-type •  Ladder-type Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  33. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds • The scaffold unit shall be suspended from • metal outriggers, iron brackets, wire rope • slings, or iron hooks, inspected daily by a • competent person. Supporting parts are to be • inspected before every installation and • periodically inspected during use. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  34. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSuspension Scaffolds • Suspension scaffolds are hung by: •  Outrigger beam with counterweights •  Rolling outrigger beam with counterweights •  Parapet clamps •  Roof hook or cornice hook Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  35. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported Scaffolds • These scaffolds are raised on posts, uprights, • frames, or outrigger beams. They may also be • mounted on trucks or casters. •  Tube and coupler  Pole •  Frame  Mobile Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  36. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported Scaffolds •  Tube and coupler scaffolds- Have limited heights to be followed using tables L-10-L-12. Light, medium, and heavy duty tube and coupler scaffolds are to follow specified requirements for the appropriate categories, all of which are to hold 4 times the maximum intended loads. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  37. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported Scaffolds • Pole - Scaffold poles shall bear on a • foundation of sufficient size and strength to • spread the load from the pole over a sufficient • area to prevent settlement. Independent pole • scaffolds shall be set as near to the wall of the • building as practicable. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  38. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported Scaffolds • Frame - Proper cross bracing or diagonal • bracing is to be used for securing vertical • members together laterally with coupling or • stacking pins to provide proper vertical • alignment of the legs. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  39. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported Scaffolds • Mobile - When free- • standing mobile scaffold • towers are use, the height • shall not exceed four • times the minimum base • dimension. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  40. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported Scaffolds • Mobile - When using • casters, they are to have • a positive locking • device to hold the • scaffold in position. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  41. 1926.451 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsSupported Scaffolds • Mobile - A ladder or • stairway, affixed to or • built into the scaffold, • shall provide proper • access and exit Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  42. This section applies to ladder stands (not aerial) and rolling scaffolds (towers). 1926.453 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsManually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  43. Due to the wide variety of materials and design possibilities, specified design and construction requirements are not a part of this section. 1926.453 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsManually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  44. The minimum platform width for any work level shall not be less than 20 inches for mobile scaffolds. Ladder stands shall have a minimum step width of 16 inches, with all exposed surfaces free from sharp edges, burrs or other safety hazards. 1926.453 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsManually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  45. Wheels or casters shall be properly designed for strength and dimensions to support four times the design working load. 1926.453 ScaffoldingTypes of ScaffoldsManually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  46. 1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N) • These are vehicle-mounted • elevating and rotating work • platforms such as ladder • trucks and tower trucks. • Aerial lifts are to be • operated only by • authorized persons. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  47. 1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N) • Aerial ladders shall be secured in the lower • traveling position by the locking device on top • of the truck cab, and the manually operated • device at the base of the ladder before the • truck is moved for highway travel. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  48. 1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N) • Never move an aerial lift • truck when the boom is • elevated in a working • position with men in the • basket, except where • specifically designed for • this type of operation. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  49. 1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N) • Lifts that are used primarily as personnel • carriers must have both platform (upper) and • lower controls. The lower controls are to • override the upper controls, never to be used • without permission from the employee in the • lift, except in emergencies. Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

  50. 1926.556 Aerial lifts (Subpart N) • While working on aerial lifts, employees shall: •  Always stand firmly • on the floor of the • basket and not sit or • climb on the edge Operating Engineers National Hazmat Program

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