Exploration & Colonization of The Americas

1. Exploration & Colonization of The Americas

2. I. The Spanish Caribbean 1. subjugated by the Spanish to mine gold & silver 2. Brutality & smallpox led to a decrease in the population 3. By early 17th century, the Taino pop. no longer exists. A. The indigenous Tainos or Arawaks B. The Encomienda system 1. System provided land grants given to Spanish settlers. 2. Tainosforced into labor in exchange for provisions. Taino Indians, Dominican Rep., 1500 CE

3. II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru A. The Aztecs (Mexico) and Incas (Peru) 1. The empires of Meso & South America were wealthier and more complex than Caribbean societies. B. Hernan Cortes 1. Conquers Aztecs 1519-21 2. Internal strife and disease allow Spanish to defeat these groups. 3. Technology (steel swords, muskets, cannons and horses) gave Spanish the advantage. C. Francisco Pizarro 1. Conquers Incas 1532-33

4. II. The Conquest of Mexico and Peru (continued) Europeans Technological advancements enslavement & subjugation

5. III. Iberian Empires in the Americas A. Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Divides South America between Spanish and Portuguese rule. B. The Spanish formalize their rule 1. New Spain & New Castile - each governed by viceroys 2. audiencias are set up to check the power of the viceroys 3. urban centers develop as a result of Spanish rule C. Portuguese establish imperial presence in Brazil.

6. IV. Colonization of North America A. France & England 1. Colonization on east coast, exploration of west coast 2. Migration patterns show more family based settlement.(laws prevented miscegenation) 3. Sought fur, fish, trade routes  early 17th century 4. Suffered from isolation & food shortages Jamestown Colony 1607

7. Colonization Venn Charts

9. IV. Colonization of North America (continued) B. Relations with indigenous people 1. Settlers interrupt migrations of indigenous peoples. 2. Lands seized & justified with treaties 3. Natives raided farms & villages – lead to reprisals by settlers. 4. 1500 - 1800, native pop.decreases by 90% Colonial Justice

10. Colonization of North America

11. Colonial Society: S. America Formation of multicultural societies • People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule • Social hierarchy Iberian colonies: • Whites (peninsulares & creoles) • Mixed (mestizos & zambos) • Africans & natives = bottom • mestizo societies emerge • Brazil more mixed: • mestizos, mulattoes, zambos

12. Colonial Society: No. America • Greater gender balance among settlers • Allowed marriage within own groups • Relations with French traders & native womenmétis (Euro + native) • English frowned on interracial marriages • Cultural borrowing: plants, crops, deerskin clothes

13. Spanish Colonial Economy: Mining • Silver & gold basis of Spanish wealth • Two major sites of silver mining: Zacatecas (Mexico) & Potosi (Peru) • Global significance of silver • 20% of silver went to royal treasury (the quinto) • Funded military & bureaucracy • Went to European, then to Asian markets for luxury goods Potosi Silver Mine

14. Spanish Colonial Economy: Agriculture • Haciendas basis of Spanish Am. production • Produced foodstuffs for local use • Encomienda  repartimiento • Encomienda system seen as abusive • Repartimiento replaces conscript & slave with contract labor • free laborersby mid-17th century • Native Resistance • Rebellion, indolence, retreat • Difficult to register complaints

15. Portuguese Colonial Economy • Sugar and slavery in Brazil • Dependent on sugar production • Brazilian life revolved around the sugar mill, or engenho • Combined agricultural & industrial enterprises • Sugar planters landed nobility Brazilian Sugar Plantation

16. Portuguese Colonial Economy • Growth of slavery in Brazil • Natives were not cultivators resisted farm labor • Disease indigenous pop. • Imported African slaves for cane & sugar production after 1530 • deaths  births  demand for slaves • 1 ton of sugar = 1 human life Slaves Harvesting Sugarcane

17. North Am. Colonial Economy • Fur traders • Fur trade extremely profitable • Natives trapped for & traded with Europeans • Impact of fur trade • Environmental conflicts among natives competing for resources Fur Traders

18. North Am. Colonial Economy • European settlers threatened natives • Cash crops--tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton • Indentured labor in 17th & 18th centuries • Replaced by Slaves in late 17th century • New England merchants participated in slave trade, distillation of rum Tobacco Plantation

19. Colonial Religion: Christianity • Spanish missionaries • Est. mission schools & churches • Some record native languages & traditions • Attracted many proselytes • French & English missionaries • English not interested in native conversion • French moderate success Indians @ Mission Ventura

20. The Pacific: Australia • British captain James Cook explored east Australia in 1770 • 1788, England est. 1st settlement in Australia as a penal colony • Free settlers outnumbered convicted criminal migrants after 1830s Penal Colony: Australia

21. The Pacific Islands • Spanish voyages after Magellan • Acapulco to Manila • Indigenous Chamorro resisted decimated by smallpox • Impact: • Occasional skirmishes • Whalers regularly visited after 18th century • Missionaries, merchants, and planters follow Chamorro Church Villiage

22. Politics within the Iberian Empires Colonial American society • European-style society in cities • indigenous culture persisted in rural areas • More exploitation than settlement • Still, many Iberians settled btw. 1500-1800 Colonization—Spanish Style