Protein Structural Organization

Lecture 4: Protein Structure and Structural ModelingProf. Chen Yu ZongTel: 6874-6877Email: csccyz@nus.edu.sghttp://xin.cz3.nus.edu.sgRoom 07-24, level 7, SOC1 National University of Singapore

Protein Structural Organization Proteins are made from just 20 kinds of amino acids

Protein Structural Organization Protein has four levels of structural organization

Protein Structure Determines Its Interaction with Other Molecules:Protein-Protein Interaction

Protein Structure Determines Its Interaction with Other Molecules:Protein-DNA Interaction

Protein Structure Determines Its Interaction with Other Molecules:Protein-RNA Interaction

Protein Structure Determines Its Interaction with Other Molecules:Protein-Drug Interaction Mechanism of Drug Action: A drug interferes with the function of a disease protein by binding to it. This interference stops the disease process Drug Design: Structure of disease protein is very useful

Protein Structure and Motions:Protein-Drug Interaction Mechanism of Drug Action: A drug interferes with the function of a disease protein by binding to it. This interference stops the disease process Drug Design: Structure of disease protein is very useful

Protein structure and motions: Movie Show: Drug Binding Induced Conformation Change in Protein

Protein structure and motions: Movie Show: Protein transient opening for ligand or drug binding and dissociation:

Protein structure: Lowest Free Energy State • Modeling of Protein • Structure in Different • Environment: • Finding the global • minimum free energy • state • Question: • No. of possible conformations of a protein. • Computing cost for searching these conformations

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models The stretching energy equation is based on Hooke's law. The "kb" parameter controls the stiffness of the bond spring, while "ro" defines its equilibrium length.

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models The bending energy equation is also based on Hooke's law

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models The torsion energy is modeled by a simple periodic function Why?

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models Torsion energy as a function of bond rotation angle.

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models The non-bonded energy accounts for repulsion, van der Waals attraction, and electrostatic interactions.

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models • van der Waals attraction occurs at short range, and rapidly dies off as the interacting atoms move apart. • Repulsion occurs when the distance between interacting atoms becomes even slightly less than the sum of their contact distance. • Electrostatic energy dies out slowly and it can affect atoms quite far apart.

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models • Hydrogen Bond: • N-H … O • N-H … N • O-H … N • O-H … O • Modeled by • VdW+electrostatic • Modeled by More potential

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models Complete Hamiltonian:

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models Concept of energy scale is Important for molecular Modeling

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models Concept of energy scale is Important for molecular modeling

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models • Sources of force parameters: • Bonds, VdW, Electrostatic (for amino acids, nucleotides only): • AMBER: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 5179-5197 • CHARMM: J. Comp. Chem. 4, 187-217 • H-bonds (Morse potential): • Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 415-419. • Biophys. J. 66, 820-826 • Electrostatic parameters of organic molecules need to be computed individually by using special software (such as Gaussian)

Energy Landscape for DNA Base Flipping Movement Phys. Rev. E62, 1133-1137 (2000).

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models • From structure (x,y,z coordinates) to energy function: • rij=sqrt((xi-xj)**2+(yi-yj)**2+(zi-zj)**2) • cos(theta_i)=(xj-xi)*(xk-xi)+(yj-yi)*(yk-yi)+(zj-zi)*(zk-zi))/(rij*rik)= • Aij*Aik+Bij*Bik+Cij*Cik • cos(phi)=[(Aik*Bkl-Bik*Akl)*(Aik*Bij-Bik*Aij)+ • (Akl*Cik-Ckl*Aik)*(Aij*Cik-Cij*Aik)+ • (Bik*Ckl-Cik*Bkl)*(Bik*Cij-Cik*Bij)]/(Pi*Pk) • Pi=sin(theta_i) • Pk=sin(theta_k) • Homework: derive or find formula for • Xi=x(r,theta,phi) etc.

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models Structural Modeling Method I: Conformation search: Phi -> Phi+dphi xi -> xi+dxi; yi -> yi+dyi; zi -> zi+dzi E -> E +dE All possible states can be explored Conformation space Energy landscape Q: Can you write a simple conformation search program?

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models Structural Modeling Method II: Energy minimization: General methods in Numerical Recipes Force guided approach: Initialize: xi -> xi+dxi Compute potential energy change: V -> V +dV Determine next movement: Fxi=-dV/dxi; Fyi=-dV/dyi; Fzi=-dV/dzi dxi=C*Fxi new xi=xi+dxi Energy minimization can only go down hill. Why?

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models Structural Modeling Method III: Molecular Dynamics Simulation: • Time-dependent motion trajectory based on laws of classical physics. • Advantage: "Accurate" dynamics. • Disadvantage: Short-time event only. • Application: "All purpose", most widely used approach. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 6, 232 (1996). Detailed description of MD general theory

Structural Modeling: Basic Interactions and Their Models Structural Modeling Method III: Molecular Dynamics Simulation:

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Challenge: Time-scale gap Bio-events: 10-3~10s MD: 10-6s on 200-node parallel computer for 30aa peptide Gap: Need to increase computing speed by >>1000 Time-saving techniques in development:

Protein Structural Organization