Pathology of Development

1. Pathology of Development

2. Fetal Development • Gestation • Length of time b/t first day of last menstrual period (LMP) to birth (about 40 weeks). • Gestational Age • Length of time b/t conception and birth (about 38 weeks) • The 3rd-8th weeks of gestation are the most crucial time for development. • Organogenesis-cells begin differentiating into their respective organs. • CNS is forming within the 1st week. • Heart rate is detected by 4th week. • All organs are formed by 8th week.

4. Misanthrope (n)- someone who dislikes mankind. Hedonist (n)- someone who takes too much enjoyment on the pleasures of life. To exacerbate (v)- to make something worse Eccentric (adj)- to act quirky and differently than others; odd, peculiar. Ubiquitous (adj) – something that is always present; widespread Omniscient (adj)- all-knowing Vacuous (adj)- lacking intelligence or ideas; stupid. Melancholy (n)- (melancholic-adj) to be in a habitual state of depression and gloominess Detrimental (adj)- causing damage or injury to something.

5. Fetal Development • Teratogenic Agents • Things that cause damage during fetal development • Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome) • Radiation • Smoking (low birthweight and increase chance of stillbirths) • Pharmaceutical drugs (thaladomide) • Cocaine • Virus (measles, rubella) • Mercury, Fluoride, Lead and other heavy metals • Damage to embryo occurs in the first few weeks before pregnancy is even detected.

11. Diagnostic Testing for Pathology • Recommended for • Family history of a specific disease • If you have given birth to a child with abnormality • Woman over the age of 35 • Abnormality occur in 1:28 live births. • Amniocentesis • Extracting amniotic fluid with a needle in utero (in the womb). • To abort or not to abort. • Tim Tebow

12. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) • Ideopathic • Most common chromosomal disorder • Age 30, 1:1000 • Age 35, 1:500 • Age 40 1:40 • Detected in utero near 20th Week. • Features • Small Head • Slanted eyes • Cognitive Impairment • Incomplete sexual development

13. Adolescent Pathology • Adolescence=time of great change • Puberty-Age 10-12. • The pituitary gland releases gonadotropins which causes: • Ovaries to release estrogen and progesterone. • Menstruation occurs. • Testicles to release testosterone • Testicles begin to produce sperm. • The body develops secondary sex traits.

14. Obesity • Obesity is determined by calculating your body mass index (BMI) • Weight / Inches / Inches X 703. • Obesity increases your chances of acquiring • Type II Diabetes • High Blood Pressure • High Cholesterol

16. Spinal Abnormalities • Kyphosis “Hunchback” • Lordosis “Swayback” • Scoliosis • Lateral curvature of spine • 5:1 more common in woman • Mild in most people who have it, if severe person needs surgery.

17. Anorexia Nervosa • Mental condition of extreme weight loss due to self-starvation, laxative, excessive exercising. • Profile: • perfectionist • high-achiever • family strife • sexual molestation • fear of becoming fat • Symptoms: • malnourishment • amenorrhea • low body temp. • cold intolerance • dry skin, brittle nails • Results: • dehydration and malnourishment lead to • kidney failure, • electrolyte imbalances which leads to cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms) which leads to • cardiac arrest • death

18. Body Dysphormic Disorder • Believing you look fatter than you actually look.

19. Bulemia • Characterized by rapid eating of excessive amount of food followed by purging, • typically in the form of vomiting • Also excessive exercising, water, laxatives, diuretics, etc. • Profile is similar to anorexia • Person can be of normal weight yet purge 3-4 times a day. • Symptoms: • Amenorrhea or dysmenorrhea • Erosion of tooth enamel • Oral sores • Chronic esophagitis with chronic sore throat and dysphagia. • Scars on the back of finger or palms.

20. Schizophrenia • Chronic mental condition which features the following symptoms: • Visual and auditory hallucinations • Delusions of personal grandeur • The belief that people are plotting against you. • Group stalking • Detachment, increased drug use, and suicidal ideation.

21. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder. • Person has at least 2 distinct personalities (alter egos) • One personality controls the other • Main personality has time of amnesia. • Cause: Trauma (physical/sexual) • Controversy: • CIA • Implanted personalities.

22. Bipolar (Manic Depressive) Disorder • Episodes of happiness and excitement (mania) followed by episodes of depression. • Mania • Racing Thoughts • Low Attention Spain • Extreme Happiness • Risky behavior, drug abuse, hypersexuality • Depression • Sadness, anxiety, guilt, isolation, hopelessness. • Causes: Genetics, Trauma

24. DSM-IV • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- 4th Edition • The bible of mental disorders • Any time a patient arrives with symptoms/signs of mental disorder, the therapist uses the book to diagnose them • The DSM contains the signs of over 100 illnesses.

25. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) • A pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting 6 mos or more • Features: • Quick temper • Actively defies or refuses to comply with adults’ request or rules • Blames others for his/her mistakes • Often vindictive, spiteful, resentful, and angry • Treatment • Medication and therapy.

26. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that cause marked anxiety • The patient cannot stop obsessing over those thoughts • To control the obsession, the patient begins repetitive behavior {the compulsion} (hand-washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (praying, counting, etc) that the person feels driven to do to response to the obsession. • It offers them relief • Trichotillomania, onycophagia, nymphomania, cutting or all examples of the compulsion to control it.

27. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • The person experiences or was confronted with an event that involved actual death or serious injury • The person’s response includes intense fear and helplessness. • The traumatic event is re-experienced in the patient’s mind constantly either awake or in dreams • Avoidance of event (Don’t want to speak of it.) • Hypervigilance, worried the event will happen again • Anger and Rage • Post-Abortive Syndrome is an example of PTSD.

28. Borderline Personality Disorder • “Relationship” disorder • A pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization (mania) and devaluation (self-hatred). • When relationship worsens/ends, the patient: • Marked impulsivity in either spending of money, sex, drugs, binge eating, etc • Unstable image of self • Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or mutilating behavior • Chronic feelings of emptiness • Inappropriate intense anger and raging when relationship encounters difficulty or ends • Paranoia

29. Antisocial Personality Dis (ASPD) (formerly known as Sociopathty/Psychopathy • Sociopaths/Psychopaths feature the following symptoms: • Failure to conform to social norms as to what is right/wrong. • Apparent lack of remorse or empathy toward others/misanthropy • Master Liar and manipulator • Cruelty to animals • Volatile temperament • Hypersexuality • Lack of relationships/Abusive to peers • But all of this is masked by an outward appearance of normalcy. • Examples, Ted Bundy and Jeffrey Dahmer

30. Self-Mutilation • Intentional, direct harming of the body with NO intention of suicide • May manifest in the following ways: • Excessive tattooing • Excessive piercing • Cutting • Mutilating gives the persona momentary relief from the intense feelings he/she is dealing with, such as • Anxiety, depression, stress, emotional numbness, self-loathing • History of abuse

31. Impulse Control Disorder • One’s inability to deal with one’s issues and stresses so it is manifested in the following ways. • Kleptomania (compulsive stealer) • Pyromania (fire-starter) • Pathological gambling • Trichotillomania (compulsive hair-pulling) • Onychophagia (compulsive nail biting) • Nymphomania (sex addiction)

32. Acne Vulvaris • More common in males, increases due to gonadotropins. • Sebaceous glands in skin (they secrete oil to keep your skin moist) become clogged and then infected. • Pustules=raised red mass of pus • Condition worsens with squeezing and rupturing and may lead to scarring. • Increasing factors • Genetics • Increase sex hormones • Use of heavy creams and drugs • Improper hygiene

33. Infectious Mononucleosis • Caused by Epstein-Barr virus which attacks Lymphocytes (WBC) • Virus is spread by direct contact, typically by saliva or blood, and resides in pharynx then spreads to lymphatic system • Incubation is 4-6 weeks • Symptoms • Sore throat, headache, fever, weakness • Enlarged lymph nodes • Rash • Enlarged spleen (be careful athletes) • No cure, meds taken to ease symptoms.

34. Geriatric • Aging brings about general deterioration on the cellular level, which then leads to tissue, organ, and organ system wear-and-tear. • Reproductive • the cessation of estrogen causes dryness of vagina • Increase in sex cancers • Sperm in men deteriorate • Prostate gland enlarges (benign prostatic hypertrophy) • Integumentary (Skin) • Collagen and elastin loss in skin make it thinner and weaker. • Skeletal • Decreased Calcium and osteoblast activity lead to greater fractures and osteoporosis, or weakening of bones. • Cartilage b/t bones withers away leading to Osteoarthritis. • Intervertebral discs wither leading to greater disc hernation.

35. Geriatric (cont) • Respiratory • Elasticity in the alveoli decreases leads to more labored breathing. • Neurological • Axons and dendrites on neurons wither • Neurotransmitter chemicals b/t neurons lose potency. • Increased pressure in eye leads to glaucoma • The eye lens becomes darkened, leads to cataracts • Digestive • Dental gums decrease • Decrease salivary secretions • Xerostomia-dry mouth • Obesity occurs since metabolism decreases • Slower or inconsistent peristalsis leads constipation • Urinary • Strained urination due to prostate enlargement • Frequent nocturia • Relaxing of urethral sphincter leads to incontinence. • Infection increase due to less potent immune system • Increase cancer due to longer exposure to carcinogens.

36. Dementia (also known as senility) • A loss of cognitive ability in a person’s mind • Normally seen as • Difficulty problem-solving • Memory Loss • Repetition of words • Disorientation (“who are you?” “where am I?” • Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia.