Human Geography of Latin America: A Blending of Cultures

1. Human Geography of Latin America: A Blending of Cultures • Chapter 10

2. WORDS TO LOOK FOR! • Spanish Conquest • cultural hearth • Tenochtitlan • Inca • Panama Canal • mestizo • reggae • maquiladoras • informal economy • NAFTA • Aztec • deforestation • oligarchy

3. Treaty of Tordesillas • Carnival • Samba • Capoeira

4. Mexico • Section 1

5. Colonialism • Tenochtitlan: The area we know as present-day Mexico was once occupied by many different native groups • Toltecs • Maya • Aztecs

6. Spanish Conquest • 1519 Hernando Cortes landed in Mexico and marched to Tenochtitlan City • by 1521 Cortes had taken over the city • Tenochtitlan was destroyed and replaced with Mexico City • Mexico becomes and remains part of the Spanish Empire until 1821

7. QUICK CHECK! • This was the ancient Aztec city that is now in present day Mexico City. • This was the act that caused the destruction of the Aztec civilization • The video mentioned an “exchange”...what were the people referring to?

8. The Spanish brought • language • religion • Indian culture remains very strong in Mexico • they have one of the world’s largest mestizo population • Mestizo: People who are both Spanish and Native American.

9. Mexican Painters • in the 20th century, Mexican artwork went mainstream • Jose Orozco • “Omniscience”

10. Diego Rivera • Detroit Tech Institute

11. David Siquerios

12. Juan O’Gorman

13. Frida Kahlo

14. Quick Check!!! • This word means people of Spanish and Native American background.

15. Economics: City and Factories • Mexico has two main economic problems • the large gap between the rich and the poor • they are attempting to develop into a modern industrial economy • Oil and Manufacturing • profits from oil have helped to finance development • most factories are located along the borders of the United States

16. Maquiladoras are factories in Mexico that assemble imported materials into finished products that are then exported, mostly to the United States • electronics • clothing • furniture • NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) says that Mexico, United States, and Canada can trade freely.

17. Mexican Life Today • Challenges: • Emigration: Leaving ones homeland • Mexico & the U.S. share a 2,000 mile border • Many Mexicans go to the US in search of work due to a shortage of jobs in Mexico. • Sometimes they return & bring economic growth back home. Sometimes they do not. • How does this impact the economies of Mexico & the U.S.?

18. Education • About 85% of school aged children go to school in Mexico • Lots of money has been invested in education and it will continue to grow as Mexico becomes more industrialized • What does this say about the development level of Mexico?

19. Central America and the Caribbean • Section 2

20. Native and Colonial Central America • Central America is a cultural hearth (a place from which important ideas spread) • Mayan civilization dates back as far as 2600 BC and lasted until 800 AD • Mayan influence: • Each city was an independent state ruled by a god-king • 365 Day Calendar

21. Spanish in Central America • The Spanish colonized this area as well and had control until 1823 when the region declared its independence. • 1930s: The region split into the separate nations of... • El Savador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras

22. Native and Colonial Caribbean • The Caribbean was claimed & colonized by many European powers • Christopher Columbus reached the islands in 1492 (he thought he reached the East Indies) • The Spanish settled these lands and established sugar plantations. • Native peoples (Taino) were used as slaves. Many of them died and left the Spanish in need of labor. • What is the impact???

23. Result... • Many Africans were brought to the lands as slaves, which caused African culture to be infused in the islands. • Colonial Mosaic • By the 19th century the Spanish, French, British, Dutch, and Danish all claimed islands in the Caribbean because of their interest in sugar plantations. • European, African and Native cultures mixed as a result. Influences of these cultures can still be seen in present day Latin America. • While the population is a mixture of these groups, most of the people are descendants of the African slaves brought to the islands to work on the sugar plantations

24. Caribbean Independence • The first independence movement in Latin America began as a slave revolt in Haiti • Haiti was a French colony • Slaves took over the government of the island • by 1804 the entire island was independent of France • How did this revolt impact the U.S.? • Cuba achieved independence from Spain in 1898 because of the Spanish-American war • What is America’s connection to this movement?

25. Vocab Check! • This is the birth place of a culture.

26. Economics: Jobs and People • Most of the people are poor • Sugar plantations benefited the plantation owners...not the people who did the planting. There was a lot of competition in the sugar market and eventually the trade declined. • Other exports: bananas, citrus fruits, coffee, spices • Which 2 of these did you see mentioned in the Costa Rica video?

27. in Central America, the main source of income is commercial farming. • they produce 10% of the world’s coffee and bananas • In Central America and the Caribbean most of the population work on farms and live in rural areas.

28. Tourism and the informal economy • rapid population growth causes high unemployment especially among the young • tourism is a huge industry • people find jobs in hotels, resorts, and restaurants, guides, hiking expeditions • also jobs are found in the informal economy, jobs that take place outside official channels without benefits or protection for workers

29. Panama Canal • The Panama Canal cuts through the land bridge and connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

30. Were you paying attention? • this cuts through the land bridge that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

31. Popular Culture, Tourism, and Jobs • Music of the Caribbean • Calypso music began in Trinidad • Combines African, Spanish, and Caribbean elements • Uses drums and guitars

32. Music of the Caribbean • Reggae developed in Jamaica in the 1960s • most songs deal with social problems and religion • African, Caribbean, and American music all influenced reggae

33. Spanish-Speaking South America • Section 3

34. Conquest and the End of Spanish Rule • South America was divided into 2 main regions by the Treaty of Tordesillas: Divided the land in South America between Spain & Portugal • Spanish South American countries include: • Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paragua, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela • Suriname is a Dutch-speaking country • French Guiana is a part of France

35. The Inca • Were descendants of people who came across a land bridge from Siberia to Alaska • they settled along the Andes mountains • they built a road system that was about 20,000 miles long

36. The Spanish Conquest • Pizarro and his soldiers came in search of gold and silver. They invaded and conquered the Inca empire. • They took over the land and natives were forced to work in mines, on farms, and on ranches. • The Spanish landlords received the “rights to labor” of the natives from officials in Spain. • Laws were passed to protect the natives, but many of the settlers abused the natives and worked them to death.

37. IMPACT OF COLONIZATION • Effect: Destroyed & disrupted the Inca families and communities • Effect: Spain forced their language and religion on the native peoples • Effect: The Quechua language was overshadowed, but they still speak it today • Effect: The Catholic religion became the official religion

38. Independence Movements • Countries of South America fought for their independence from Spain in the first half of the 19th century • Simon Bolivar • helped to liberate the countries of Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia • Jose de San Martin • helped to liberate the countries of Argentina, Chile and Peru • Argentina and Chile achieved independence first

39. Government by the few • Oligarchy- government by a few • oligarchy and military rule characterize the governments of many of the countries of South America • authoritarian rule- which stresses obedience to authority over individual freedom delayed democracy

40. A Cultural Mosaic • Music • music is an important part of life. • they play drums, guitars, marimbas, maracas, and flutes. • Arts and crafts • pottery, textiles, glasswork and, and metal work are put together

41. Economics: Resources and Trade • Economies of the region • Wide variety of products because of the unique combination of resources, landforms, climate, and vegetation • Columbia and Venezuela have oil reserves • Peru has a strong fishing industry • Ecuador exports shrimp • Bolivia has deposits of tin, zinc, and copper • Chile exports fruits and vegetables • Drilling for oil, fishing, & mining for minerals…What is the connection?

42. Education and the Future • The Spanish-speaking countries of South America have a high literacy rate because of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay • they have colleges, universities, and many technical schools • Chile • Literacy rate is 95% among adults • 15-19 it is 98% • Students attend school from the ages of 6-13 • Public education is free

43. Brazil • Section 4

44. History: A Divided Continent • Native Peoples and Portuguese Conquest • between 1 and 5 million native peoples live in this land before the first colonists arrived in the early 1500s. • the first explorers expected to find gold &silver, but they did not find either. Instead, they cleared forest to make room for sugar plantations which made Portugal A LOT of $ • Who works on the sugar plantations? • Brazil remains a colony of Portugal until 1822.

45. A National Culture: The People of Brazil • Brazil is home to many different ethnic groups: • Portuguese, Germans, Italians, and Spanish • They also have the worlds largest Japanese population outside of Japan • They have the largest Catholic population in the world

46. An Economic Giant Awakens • An industrial power • they have many natural resources such as iron, gold, silver, tungsten, and quartz • they have more than 1,000 rivers including the Amazon • this allows for a lot of hydroelectric power

47. URBANIZATION • Urbanization is a big issue in Brazil • in 1960 about 22% of the population lived in the cities • by about 1995 more than 75% of the population lived in the cities • Typically, what does a high urbanization rate say about the development level of a country? • What problems are associated with urbanization? • About 80% of the population lives within 200 miles of the sea, but the government is trying to change this

48. Brazilian life today • the most colorful feast day in Brazil is known as Carnival • people in costumes ride on floats in the streets • they listen to samba music • Brazilian dance with African influences

49. Capoeira is a martial art dance with African origins

50. City life in Rio De Janeiro • Rio De Janeiro is the cultural center of Brazil • there is a lot of crime • huge gap between rich and poor • causes crime wave and drug abuse