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Medical terminology

Chapter 14: Musculoskeletal System. Medical terminology. Chapter 14 Abbreviations. D.O. NSAID AKA BKA CR CRIF disl Fx ORIF. Doctor of Osteopathy nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug above-knee amputation below-knee amputation closed reduction

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Medical terminology

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  1. Chapter 14: Musculoskeletal System Medical terminology

  2. Chapter 14 Abbreviations • D.O. • NSAID • AKA • BKA • CR • CRIF • disl • Fx • ORIF • Doctor of Osteopathy • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug • above-knee amputation • below-knee amputation • closed reduction • closed reduction internal fixation (fracture treatment) • dislocation • fracture • open reduction internal fixation (surgical fracture treatment)

  3. Chapter 14 Abbreviations • MD • OA • RA • C1, C2 • L1, L2 • LS • T1, T2 • EMG • ROM • muscular dystrophy • osteoarthritis • rheumatoid arthritis • cervical vertebrae #1, 2, etc. • lumbar vertebrae #1, 2, etc. • lumbosacral • thoracic vertebrae #1, 2, etc. • electromyogram • range of motion

  4. Chapter 14 Abbreviations • Ortho • OT • PT • Ht • Wt • orthopedics • occupation therapy • physical therapy • height • weight

  5. Musculoskeletal System • Function • Muscular System – movement, posture, joint stability, and heat production • Skeletal System – provide a framework for the body, protect the soft body parts (i.e. brain), store calcium, and produce blood cells • They work together  protect, support, and move the body

  6. Musculoskeletal System • Bone Structure • periosteum • outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue • compact bone • dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periostem • cancellous (spongy) bone • contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone • endosteum • membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

  7. Musculoskeletal System • diaphysis • shaft of the long bones • epiphysis • end of each long bone • bone marrow • material found in the cavities of bones • red marrow: thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation • yellow marrow: soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

  8. Musculoskeletal System Bone Structure

  9. Musculoskeletal System • Skeletal Bones • maxilla • upper jawbone • mandible • lower jawbone • vertebral column • made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs. • protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles

  10. Musculoskeletal System • cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) • first set of 7 bones, forming the neck • thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) • second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine • lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) • third set of five large vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine • sacrum • next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones • coccyx • four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone • lamina (pl. laminae) • part of the vertebral arch

  11. Musculoskeletal System • clavicle • collarbone • scapula • should blade • acromion process: extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder • sternum • breastbone • xiphoid process: lower potion of the sternum • humerus • upper arm bones

  12. Musculoskeletal System • ulna and radius • lower arm bones • olecranon process • projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow • carpal bones • wrist bones • metacarpal bones • hand bones • phalanges (sing. phalanx) • finger and toe bones

  13. Musculoskeletal System • pelvic bone, hip bone • made up of three bones fused together • ischium: lower, rear portion of which one sits • ilium: upper, wing-shaped part of each side • pubis: anterior portion of the pelvic bone • acetabulum • large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur • femur • upper leg bone • tibia and fibula • lower leg bones

  14. Musculoskeletal System • patella(pl. patellae) • kneecap • tarsal bones • ankle bones • calcaneus • heel bone • metatarsal • foot bones

  15. Bones of the Body

  16. Musculoskeletal System • Joints (articulations) • Hold bones together • articular cartilage • smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints • meniscus • crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee • intervertebral disk • cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine • pubic symphysis • cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together

  17. Musculoskeletal System • synovia • fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities • bursa (pl. bursae) • fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another • ligament • flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint • tendon • band of fibrous connective tissue that attches muscle to bone • aponeurosis • strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bones

  18. Body Joints

  19. Musculoskeletal System • Muscles • skeletal muscles (striated muscles) • attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Voluntary muscles because we have control over them • smooth muscles (unstriated muscles) • located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. Involuntary muscles b/c they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntary

  20. Musculoskeletal System • cardiac muscle (myocardium) • forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat

  21. Muscles of the Body

  22. Types of Muscle

  23. Types of Body Movement Term Definition • abduction • adduction • inversion • eversion • extension • flexion • pronation • supination • rotation • moving away from the midline • moving toward the midline • turning inward • turning outward • mvmnt. in which a limb is placed in a straight position • mvmnt. in which a limb is bent • mvmnt. that turns the palm down • mvmnt. that turns the palm up • turning around its own axis

  24. Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System Combining Form Definition • carp/o • clavic/o, clavicul/o • cost/o • crani/o • femor/o • fibul/o • humer/o • ili/o • ischi/o • lumbo • carpals (wrist bones) • clavicle (collarbone) • rib • cranium (skull) • femur (upper leg bone) [note: u  o] • fibula (lower leg bone) (also perone/o) • humerus (upper arm bone) • ilium • ischium • loin, lumbar region of the spine

  25. Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System Combining Form Definition • mandibul/o • maxill/o • patell/o • pelv/i, pelv/o • phalang/o • pub/o • rachi/o • radi/o • sacr/o • scapul/o • mandible (lower jawbone) • maxilla (upper jawbone) • patella (kneecap) • pelvis, pelvic bone • phalanges • pubis • spine, vertebral column • radius (lower arm bone) • sacrum • scapula (shoulder blade)

  26. Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System Combining Form Definition • spondyl/o, vertebr/o • stern/o • tars/o • tibi/o • uln/o • vertebra • sternum (breastbone) • tarsals (ankle bones) • tibia (lower leg bone) • ulna (lower arm bone)

  27. Word Parts for Joints Combining Form Definition • aponeur/o • arthr/o • burs/o • chondr/o • disk/o • menisc/o • synovi/o • ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o • aponeurosis • joint • bursa (cavity) • cartilage • intervertebral disk • meniscus (crescent) • synovia, synovial membrane • tendon

  28. Word Parts commonly used with Musculoskeletal Combining Form Definition • ankyl/o • kinesi/o • lamin/o • lord/o • myel/o • my/o, myos/o • oste/o • crooked, stiff, bent • movement, motion • lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) • bent forward (increased concavity) • bone marrow • muscle • bone

  29. Word Parts for the Musculoskeletal System Prefix Definition • inter- • supra- • sym-, syn- • between • above • together, joined Suffix Definition • -asthenia • -clasia, -clasis • -desis • -physis • -schisis • weakness • break • surgical fixation, fusion • growth • split, fissure

  30. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • ankylosis • arthritis • bursitis • chondromalacia • cranioschisis • diskitis • fibromyalgia • kyphosis • lordosis • maxillitis

  31. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • meniscitis • myasthenia • osteitis • osteoarthritis • osteochondritis • osteofibriboma • osteomalacia • osteomyelitis • osteopenia • osteosarcoma

  32. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • polymyositis • rachischisis • rhabdomyolysis • scoliosis • spondylarthritis • spondylosis • synoviosarcoma • tendinitis • tenosynovitis

  33. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • bunion • carpal tunnel syndrome • exostosis • abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe. • Common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (hallux valgus) • a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. • Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand and figures • abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (spur)

  34. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • fracture • gout • herniated disk • broken bone • disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals to be deposited in the joints, especially the great toe, producing arthritis • rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots • also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus

  35. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • Lyme disease • an infection caused by a bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. • Symptoms, caused by the body’s immune response to the bacteria, vary and may include a rash at the site of the tick bite and flulike symptoms such as fever, headache, joint pain, and fatigue • First reported in Lyme, Conn., in 1975. The primary treatment is antibiotics. Left untreated, Lyme disease can mimic several other musculoskeletal diseases

  36. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • osteoporosis • abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women)

  37. Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms] Terms Definition • aponeurorrhaphy • arthrocentesis • arthroclasia • arthrodesis • arthroplasty • bursectomy • carpectomy • chondrectomy • chondroplasty • costectomy

  38. Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms] Terms Definition • cranioplasty • craniotomy • diskectomy • laminectomy • maxillectomy • meniscectomy • myorrhphy • ostectomy • osteoclasis • patellectomy

  39. Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms] Terms Definition • phalangectomy • rachiotomy • spondylosyndesis • synovectomy • tarsectomy • tenomyoplasty • tenorrhaphy • vertebroplasty

  40. Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Terms Definition DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING • arthrography ENDOSCOPY • arthroscopy OTHER • electromyogram

  41. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Terms Definition • arthralgia • atrophy • bradykinesia • carpal • clavicular • cranial • dyskinesia • dystrophy • femoral • humeral

  42. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Terms Definition • hyperkinesia • hypertrophy • iliofemoral • intercostal • intervertebral • intracranial • ischiofibular • ischiopubic • lumbar • lumbocostal

  43. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Terms Definition • lumbosacral • osteoblast • osteocyte • osteonecrosis • pelvic • pelvisacral • pubic • pubofemoral • radial • sacral

  44. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Terms Definition • sternoclavicular • sternoid • subcostal • submandibular • submaxillary • subscapular • substernal • suprapatellar • suprascapular

  45. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Terms Definition • symphysis • tibial • ulnoradial • vertebrocostal

  46. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Terms Definition • podiatrist • chiropractic • chiropractor • crepitus • specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment • system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column • specialist in chiropractic • the crackling sound heard when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint (crepitation)

  47. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • orthopedics • orthopedist • orthotics • orthotist • branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system • physician who specializes in orthopedics • making and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent or correct deformities • a person who specializes in orthotics

  48. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • osteoclast • osteopath • osteopathy • type of bone cell involved in absorption and removal of bone minerals. It works in balance with osteoblasts to maintain healthy bone tissue • physician who specializes in osteopathy • system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the role of the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments

  49. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • prosthesis (pl. prostheses) • an artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a leg, eye, or total hip replacement

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