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Pertemuan ke-1

Pertemuan ke-1. Ekonomi Makro (EK 106) Idham Cholid. Pra Syarat: Ekonomi Mikro. Agenda Perkuliahan. G2BPP . KONSEP DASAR. Test singkat . Agenda Perkuliahan Ekonomi Makro. DEFINISI ILMU EKONOMI.

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Pertemuan ke-1

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  1. Pertemuan ke-1 Ekonomi Makro (EK 106) Idham Cholid Pra Syarat: Ekonomi Mikro Idham Cholid

  2. Agenda Perkuliahan • G2BPP • KONSEP DASAR • Test singkat IdhamCholid

  3. Agenda Perkuliahan Ekonomi Makro IdhamCholid

  4. IdhamCholid

  5. DEFINISI ILMU EKONOMI Economics is the study of how societies use scare resourcesto produce valuable commodities and distribute themamong different people • Esensi: • Pernyataantentangkelangkaan (scarcity) • Penggunaansumberdayadengancara yang paling efektif • dan efisien Idham Cholid

  6. How Do Economists Think? Price Supply The Model of Supply and Demand This is the most famous economic model. It describes the ubiquitous relationship between buyers and sellers in the market. The point of intersection is called an equilibrium. * P Demand Quantity * Q Economists use models to understand what goes on in the economy. Here are two important points about models: endogenous variables andexogenous variables. Endogenous variables are those which the model tries to explain. Exogenous variables are those variables that a model takes as given. In short, endogenous are variables within a model, and exogenous are the variables outside the model. Idham Cholid

  7. FAMILY TREE OF ECONOMICS Physiocrats Quesney (1758) Mercantilist Abad 17-18 Adam Smith (1776) Classical school T.R. Malthus (1798) David Ricardo (1817) J.S. Mill (1848) Socialism Karl Marx (1867) Neoclassical Economics Walras, Marshal (1890) Lenin (1914) J.M Keynes (1936) Radical Economics Ratex Macro- economics Chicago Libertaria- nism China U.S.S.R Modern Mainstream Economics Idham Cholid

  8. PEMBAGIAN ILMU EKONOMI IlmuEkonomi Ilmu Ekonomi Deskriptif Teori Ekonomi Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan Makro Mikro Idham Cholid

  9. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how these decision makers interact in the broader marketplace. In microeconomics, an individual chooses to maximize his or her utility subject to his or her budget constraint. Microeconomics Macroeconomic events arise from the interaction of many individuals trying to maximize their own welfare. Because aggregate variables are the sum of the variables describing individuals’ decisions, the study of macroeconomics is based on microeconomic foundations. Macroeconomics Using Microeconomics in Macroeconomics Idham Cholid

  10. MIKRO vs MAKRO • EkonomiMikro • memusatperhatianpadakegiatanekonomi individual ataukelompokindividutertentu, • Mengabaikanhubunganketerkaitanantarpasar & mengasumsikanbahwahal-hal lain yang terjadidiluarpasartidakberubah • EkonomiMakro • Memusatkanperhatianpadabesaran-besaranagregat: PDB dan gap PDB, trade off penganggurandaninflasi, kebijakanfiskal, moneterdandampaknya, ekspor, impor, dll. • Secaraeksplisitmemperhitungkanketerkaitanantarpasar: produk, tenagakerja, uang, keputusan-keputusanpemerintahdanindividu Idham Cholid

  11. S P D' D Q S S' P D Q The Basics of Supply and Demand SHIFTS IN DEMAND: Suppose your income rises? Your demand for a given product, for example, pizza, will also increase. This translates into a rightward shift in the demand curve from D to D'. Result: both price and quantity are higher. SHIFTS IN SUPPLY: A fall in the price of materials increases the supply of pizza; at any given price, pizzerias find that the sale of pizza is more profitable, and thus the supply of pizza rises. This translates into a rightward shift in supply from S to S'. Result: price falls, quantity rises. Idham Cholid

  12. ILMU EKONOMIPOSITIP VS NORMATIF • Ilmuekonomipositip (positive economics) menjelaskandanmemprediksikanfaktadalamperekonomian memusatkanperhatianpadapertanyaan: What – is dan What – would happen – ifsertaisu-isukebijakan. • Ilmuekonominormatif (normative economics) mempertimbangkanetika,norma, religidanpreskripsimemusatkanperhatianpadapertanyaanWhat should be Idham Cholid

  13. LOGIKA ILMU EKONOMI Complex Phenomena/ Economic activity • Common Fallacies: • Post Hoc Fallacy • Failure to hold other things constant • Fallacy of composition Scientific Approach: Theoritical Framework, Tools (statistic, econometric) Economic reasoning Idham Cholid

  14. PermasalahanMendasarOrganisasiEkonomi Sumberdaya Langka Alat Pemuas Terbatas Kebutuhan Tdk.Terbatas Masalah Pilihan What, How, For whom Sistem Ekonomi Solusi Opportunity Cost Idham Cholid

  15. INPUT DAN OUTPUT • Input (istilahlainnya: resources, factors of prduction) = barangdanjasa yang digunakanuntukmenghasilkanbarangdanjasa, meliputi, a.l: • Natural & biological resources • Human resources • Capital/ manufactured resources • Output = berbagaibarangdanjasa yang dihasilkandariprosesproduksi, baik yang dikonsumsimaupun yang diproduksilebihlanjut. Idham Cholid

  16. Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) • PPF menunjukkan jumlah produksi maksimum yang dapat dihasilkan perekonomian dengan tingkat teknologi dan ketersediaan sumberdaya yang tertentu • PPF mencerminkan konsep opportunity cost, efisiensi produktif • PPF mengilustrasikan proses ekonomi yang mendasar: pertumbuhan ekonomi, pilihan masyarakat terhadap barang: publik – privat, produksi – konsumsi, dll. Idham Cholid

  17. Gambar: Production Possibility Frontier Guns A B 15 C unattainable 12 U D 9 E 6 I attainable 3 F 0 1 2 3 4 5 Butter Idham Cholid

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  19. Indikator Penting Dalam Analisa Ekonomi Makro • Pendapatan Nasional (PDB / PNB) • Tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi • Tingkat pengangguran • Tingkat inflasi • Neraca pembayaran Idham Cholid

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  24. Kebijakan Dalam Ekonomi Makro • Kebijakan Moneter • Kebijakan pemerintah dalam mempengaruhi tingkat bunga dengan tujuan akhir adalah mempengaruhi tingkat permintaan aggregat. (dilakukan oleh Bank Sentral) • Kebijakan Fiskal • Kebijakan pemerintah dalam mengatur anggaran, dengan memperhatikan sisi penerimaan dan sisi pengeluaran pemerintah • Kebijakan Sisi Penawaran • Kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dalam mempengaruhi sisi penawaran aggregat. Hal ini dilakukan untuk tetap menjaga kegiatan ekonomi. (contoh: pengaturan upah pekerja) Kebijakan Sisi Penawaran Kebijakan Moneter Kebijakan Fiskal Idham Cholid

  25. Tujuan dari Kebijakan Makro • Menstabilkan kegiatan Ekonomi • Meningkatkan kesempatan kerja • Menekan angka inflasi • Menciptakan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan (sustainable development) • Menciptakan neraca pembayaran yang positif dan valas yang stabil Idham Cholid

  26. Latihan Soal: • Apa yang anda ketahui tentang Ekonomi Makro • Mana yang lebih penting antara ekonomi makro dan ekonomi mikro • Menurut anda, mana yang lebih efektif dalam mempengaruhi kondisi ekonomi, kebijakan Moneter, Kebijakan Fiskal atau kebijakan sisi penawaran? Idham Cholid

  27. Materi pertemuan berikutnya: • Perhitungan Pendapatan Nasional Yang perlu disiapkan: • Bahan Bacaan, silahkan di Download • Kalkulator • Tulisan / bahan bacaan yang berkaitan dengan pokok perkuliahan End of session IdhamCholid

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