Progressivism 1900 – 1920

1. Progressivism1900 – 1920 BELLRINGER: Take a marker and make a list on the board of problems we had in America during the Gilded Age.

2. Push & Pull Factors: Reasons people move into or out of an area. Immigration to America Remember this from the Gilded Age??? What factors made immigrants want to come to the US??? New Immigrants Late 1800s Urban Settlement South & Eastern Europe Asia Ellis (NY) & Angel (SF) Islands Catholic, Jewish Greek Orthodox Settlement Houses Benevolent Societies Social Gospel Tenement Life • Old Immigrants • 1700s, Early 1800s • From NW Europe • England, France • Pilgrims, etc. • Protestant Religions • Rural Settlement • Before Industrial Revs Escaped Poverty & Persecution Religious Freedom Economic Opportunity Steerage

3. Push & Pull Factors

4. Progressivism Debate What are some things you think the govt should do or provide for all US citizens?

5. Progressivism Debate How does the govt provide all of these things to us? In the early 1900s, Progressives believed the govt should fix the problems that all Americans were dealing with.

6. Progressivism Problems Political Corruption Hazardous Workplaces Spoils System Long hours with little rest = many accidents Monopolies Political Machines Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: 145 women garment workers killed

7. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Scene at the morgue as families try to identify bodies.

8. International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) – Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Membership grows with more abuses by business leaders Extreme political views. What would you do if you worked in a sweatshop like the Triangle Shirtwaist Company???

9. Labor Union Growth From 1900 - 1920 ILGWU – 400 to 65,000 AFL – Quadrupled their membership However, most employers continued to use the Open Shop. What is an Open Shop? Labor Unions Strengthen

10. Progressivism Problems The Environment Women's Suffrage Western states began to grant women’s suffrage in the late 1800s Land was lost due to greed and mismanagement Women were not allowed to vote Mistreatment (Triangle Fire) brought popularity to this idea Forest Fires Cattle Grazing Cutting Timber

12. Progressive Solutions Change the Constitution 17th Amendment People’s Election of US Senators A “Living Document” that can change as society changes 18th Amendment Prohibition of Alcohol 16th Amendment Federal Income Tax 19th Amendment Women’s Suffrage

13. Progressive Solutions Compulsory Education Minimum Wage Laws Workplace Safety Illegal to pay workers under a certain amount Cities passed workplace safety and worker compensation laws Required children attend school until a certain age Not enacted until 1938: $0.25/hour

14. These programs aren’t started until the 1930’s. Progressive Solutions Social Welfare Programs Retirement Accounts Social Security Unemployment Benefits Health Insurance to the Poor and Elderly So how does Social Security work?

15. The 16th Amendment Now: Federal & State Income Taxes • How do you calculate a person’s Federal Income Taxes? • Example: $30,000 • What about Mississippi State Income Taxes? • The graduated income tax rate in MS is: • 3% on the first $5,000 of taxable income = $150 • 4% on the next $5,000 of taxable income = $200 • 5% on all taxable income over $10,000 = $2000 • Total MS Income Taxes = $2,350 TAKE A BREAK

16. Federal & State Income Taxes • Single MS Resident earning $30,000/year • Federal Income Taxes = $4,054 • MS Income Taxes = $1,750 • $50,000 - $4,054 - $1,750 = Your Net Income • Gross Income = $30,000/year • Net Income (What you actually take home to spend.) =$24,196 TAKE A BREAK

17. Social Security The Baby Boomers pay so much extra that there is a SURPLUS in social security funds in the 80s and 90s, but… 1930’s workers pay extra tax… 1980’s Workers 1980’s Retirees To retired workers during the 1930’s

18. Social Security Today There are less workers now than retirees. The Government spent all the extra money on other things. This created a problem… How do we fix this problem? Today: The Baby Boomers are retired

19. Bellringer: Upton Sinclair’s book The Jungle – Bad Food Production • Take a copy of the reading activity on the desk. • Read, and underline the sentences in the story that describe meat. • Be ready to discuss. • You will need your notebook and the chart on the desk today.

20. Food Safety Today

21. The Teddy Bear What do you know about Theodore Roosevelt?

24. TR’s Bully Pulpit Influencing the Govt

25. TR Standing Against the Giants of Wall Street J.P. Morgan Bought Carnegie Steel. Teddy

26. Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair • Wrote The Jungle in1906 • Exposed corruption and filth in the meat packing industry • Story about the filthy conditions in a Chicago meat-packing plant

27. Muckrakers Journalists who exposed corruption in businesses and the government through their writings Upton Sinclair The Jungle Ida Tarbell The History of the Standard Oil Company Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Tenement Photos Lincoln Steffens Shame of the Cities Political Machine corruption Ray Stannard Baker Wrote about Civil Rights Abuses in the Jim Crow Society Progressive Leaders

28. “Trustbuster” • TR used govt authority to investigate 44 different companies suspected of being trusts • Negotiated a settlement to the United Mine Worker strike • NOTLaissez-Faire • Expanded the overall powerof the government

29. The Square Deal Teddy Roosevelt’s belief that the interests of business, consumers, and labor should be balanced by the govt “TR” believed the presidency was a Bully Pulpit - a position of power to influence the entire US govt Dramatically expanded the power of the Presidency “I will see to it that every man gets a square deal, no less and no more.”

30. Progressivism in 1900 Get out your notebook The Progressive Movement Begins – • College educated Middle and Upper Class citizens in Urban areas • Teachers, writers, journalists, doctors, & lawyers • They believed that it was the government’s job to improve social and economic problems and stop corruption in America.

31. Progressive Leaders • Women’s Suffrage Leaders • Susan B. Anthony • Carrie Chapman Catt • Alice Paul • National American Women’s Suffrage Association • Women were granted the right to vote in 1920 by the 19th Amendment

32. Progressive Leaders Changing the Government US Supreme Court: Muller v. Oregonlimited the length of a women’s workday National Park Service is formed to preserve the environment “Trustbuster” – 1 trust is broken up by the govt Meat Inspection Act (TR) & Pure Food and Drug Act (TR)

33. Progressive Leaders Civil Rights Prohibition Encouraged by the Temperance movement W.E.B. DuBois 1st African American to graduate from Harvard with a Ph.D. Led by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

34. Prohibition What is the prohibition party killing? What are some dangerous things that alcohol encourages?

35. Teddy vs. William Howard Taft Take a copy from the desk. Read pages 238 & 239 in your book to fill in the blanks.

36. What do these cartoons say about TR’s popularity?

38. Teddy Roosevelt – As strong as a Bull Moose • “Friends, I shall ask you to be as quiet as possible. I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot; but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose. But fortunately I had my manuscript, so you see I was going to make a long speech, and - there is where the bullet went through - and it probably saved me from it going into my heart. The bullet is in me now, so that I cannot make a very long speech, but I will try my best.”

39. 4 Main Candidates William H. Taft – Republican TR – Progressive Woodrow Wilson – Democrat Eugene Debs - Socialist Woodrow Wilson was practically assured of victory because TR and Taft split the Republican votes Election of 1912

40. When the Republicans are divided by the Progressives that equals a victory for Woodrow Wilson.

41. TR (4,119,538) + Taft (3,484,980) = 7,604,518 votes Woodrow Wilson’s Total = 6,293,454 votes 1.4 Million votes less than Roosevelt’s and Taft’s combined total Election of 1912

42. New Freedom Wilson’s plan to help small business and keep Americans free from power of big business and govt control Very similar to TR’s New Nationalism Banking Reform Federal Reserve Act – created a Board of Directors, independent of the govt, to manage the banking industry and set monetary policy Business Reforms Clayton Antitrust Act – strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act with specifics on what made a company a monopoly Federal Trade Commission – investigated corporations to prevent unfair trade practices Woodrow Wilson

43. 1913 – 1921 Wilson’s New Freedom was meant to limit the power of govt and big business However, his banking reforms actually strengthened the govt by giving it more control over the economy Wilson was an Isolationist and was elected to a 2nd term by promising to keep the United States out of World War I. Did he succeed? No, we declared war on Germany months after his reelection. Woodrow Wilson

44. Robert LaFollette • Wisconsin Governor who instituted Progressive reforms at the state level to give citizens more input in choosing their elected officials

45. Election Reforms Initiative – lets voters initiate their own legislation by direct election Referendum – forces the legislature to place a recently passed law up for general election Recall – lets voters remove an elected official from office Direct Primary – gives voters a nominating election by political party to choose general election candidates Giving People More Power

46. Representation in Washington, D.C. • U.S. Senators – Every state gets 2. • Mississippi’s U.S. Senators: • Thad Cochran (R) & Roger Wicker (R) • U.S. Representatives are based on a state’s population. • Mississippi gets 4 U.S. Representatives: • Alan Nunnalee (R), Bennie Thompson (D), Greg Harper (R), & Steven Palazzo (R)

47. What is the Electoral College? • The process for electing the President of the U.S. • Mississippi: 2 Senators + 4 Representatives = 6 Electoral Votes • 538 Total Electoral Votes • A candidate must win a majority of these votes (at least 270) to be elected president.

48. What is the Electoral College? • Only 4 Presidents have LOST the overall popular vote but still WON the Electoral vote. • 1824 – John Quincy Adams • 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes (R) • 1888 – Benjamin Harrison (R) • 2000 – George W. Bush (R) • This method keeps any one geographical area of the country from dominating a Presidential Election.

49. The Electoral College

50. What is the Electoral College? • The Biggest States: California – 55, Texas – 34, New York - 31 • The Smallest States: Delaware, Montana, North & South Dakota, Vermont, Washington D.C. – 3 Each • 2008 Results