Chapter 15.4

1. Chapter 15.4 Counter Reformation

2. Reforming the Catholic Church • Early Reformers • During the 1400’s the church was trying to Reform form within. • Jesuits • New orders were formed to help renew and reform the catholic church. The Jesuits were formed in 1539 by Ignatius of Loyola and confirmed by the pope. They helped renew the church’s emphasis on spirituality and service. • They emphasized education as a means to combat the Protestant Reformation • The established many schools and universities in many different countries • This organization helped to regain ground against the Protestantism

3. Reforming the Catholic Church • The Council of Trent • Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545 to help redefine the doctrines of the Catholic Church • They met to question the claims the Protestant made against them • Addressed the corruption of the clergy • Sales of indulgences were abolished • It rejected the Protestant emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith. • The believed they could inspire faith by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies • This helped to widen the divide between the catholic church and protestant church

4. Reforming the Catholic Church • Reforming Catholics • Charles Borromeo and Francis of Sales helped to implement reforms in the Catholic church after the Council of Trent • Women and the Catholic Church • During the Renaissance women began to take a bigger role in the church • Angela Merici- began the Company of Saint Ursula which helped teach girls • Jane of Chantal and Francis of Sales cofounded the Visitation of Holy Mary order which trained women teachers • Mary Ward of England established many schools for girls throughout Europe • Teresa of Avail- became a nun at 20 against her fathers will. Help reform the practices of covents

5. Reforming the Catholic Church • The Inquisition • To help counter the Reformations the church established a church court, call the Roman Inquisition. • They tried people who were accused of being Protestants, practicing witchcraft, or breaking church law. • In Spain the monarchy controlled the Spanish Inquisitions. They used it to convert (forced) Jews, Muslims, and Protestants • They church also established an Index of Forbidden Books. They said if anyone read the books on list they would loose their soul. • Accounts of torture and executions by the courts damaged the church’s image. • The Inquisitions during the Counter-Reformation are still seen as an abuse of power by the Church.

6. Religious and Social Effects • Changes in Religion • The freedom that Martin Luther brought to religion also brought a lot of turmoil. • Catholicism had spread throughout Europe and the rest of world manly because of Jesuits • Protestants broke into many different sects • All religions began to disagree and some even fought one another

7. Religious and Social Effects • Persecution and Hysteria • Both Catholics and Protestants (even Luther) viewed Jews and Muslims as heretics • Muslims were forced to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain • Many Jews left western Europe because of Persecution and settled in Eastern and Southern Europe • In towns and countries that Jews where allowed to live they were forced to live in certain parts of city called a ghetto. The ghettos were walled and gated • Peoples fear of witches grew (especially in times of bad harvest or political turmoil) • The hysteria grew and the trail and death of many women occurred during this time • Many innocent victims were killed for their alleged witchcraft. • 1580-1660 thousands of women especially those who were poor were killed.

8. Religious and Social Effects • Political Effects • With the decline of the Churches influence began a rise of nationalism began • Many independent states formed because of the Reformation • Most states and nations wanted the church to be less involved in state matters • Political power became separate from church power • However nations and churches still aligned themselves with one another to increase their influence in a certain region

9. Religious Wars and Unrest • The Italian Wars • France and Spain fought for control of Italy • England also became involved in the fight • Spain eventually sacked Rome • The wars were officially over in 1559 • The main result of the war was the spread of the Renaissance

10. Religious and Social Effects • Conflicts among Germans • Ideas form the Reformation led the Peasant to want freedom from high taxes of and lack of power • They stormed the castles and monasteries • Luther was blamed but refused to back the peasants which prevent the reformation to led to a revolution for social equality. • In 1546 Charles V wanted to punish and stop Protestantism so he fought the Lutheran Princes in German. But failed • In 1555 a peace was drawn between the two • It allowed each Prince to choose the religion his subjects would practices (only Catholic of Lutheran) and the subjects had no say • However it started the movement for religious freedom

11. Causes and Effects of the Reformation • Causes • Humanist values led people to question church authority • Some clergy were corrupt, worldly, or poorly educated • Martin Luther posted his 95 Thesis • The printing press helped spread Reformation ideas • Effects • Many Protestant sects developed • Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church • Religious intolerance and anti-Semitism increased • Religious conflicts spread across Europe