Chapter 28 First Aid and Emergencies

1. Chapter 28 First Aid and Emergencies Lesson 1 Providing First Aid

2. You’ll learn to… • Relate the nation’s goal & objectives for improving individual, family, & community health to learning & using appropriate first-aid procedures. • Understand the importance of learning first aid. • Analyze strategies for responding to accidental injuries.

3. First Aid • Is the immediate, temporary care given to an ill or injured person until professional medical care can be provided. • Learning first-aid is an important step in meeting the nation’s health goals in Healthy People 2010. • Using first-aid can reduce the number of people who sustain further injury or die in the absence of early & effective treatment.

4. Universal Precautions • Are actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluids as if they contained pathogens. • Wearing protective gloves • Using a rescue mask • Washing hands before & after providing care

5. Responding to an Emergency • Recognizing an emergency is the first step in responding to it. • Common indicators of an emergency include: • Unusual sights, sounds, odors, and behaviors

6. Steps to take in an EmergencyCheck, Call, Care • Check the scene and the victim • Call for help 9-1-1 or the local emergency number • Care for the victim

7. CHECK the scene & the victim • Look the scene over & try to answer these questions: • Is the scene safe? • What happened? • How many victims are there? • Can bystanders help?

8. Is the scene safe? • Spilled chemicals • Traffic • Fire • Downed electrical lines • Extreme weather • Poisonous gas

9. Checking a victim • Never move a seriously injured person unless: • There is immediate danger • You have to reach a more seriously injured person • You need to move a victim to provide proper care

10. Call • 9-1-1 Call first situations: • An unconscious person • Cardiac emergencies Call fast situations: • Breathing, bleeding, and other non-cardiac emergencies

11. Care for a Conscious Victim • Introduce yourself • Get permission to treat • Ask what happened • Give care

12. Carealways care for life-threatening first

13. Types of Injuries

14. Open Wounds • Abrasion (scrape) • Incision (cut / laceration) • Avulsion • Puncture

16. Scrape (abrasion) • Most common type of wound caused by skin that has been rubbed or scrapped away • Usually painful because scraping away of outer skin exposes nerve endings

17. Incision (cut / laceration) • May be jagged or smooth edges • Commonly caused by sharp objects (glass, knife) • Can also be caused by a blow from a blunt object • Deep lacerations can result in heavy bleeding and damage to nerves, blood vessels, & other soft tissues.

18. Laceration

19. Avulsion • A cut in which a portion of the skin or other soft tissue is partially / completely torn away • May hang like a flap • Severed (finger) • Can sometimes be reattached

20. Puncture • Caused when a pointed object pieces the skin (nail, tack, bullet) • Is small, but deep • Usually does not cause heavy external bleeding, but may cause internal bleeding • An object that remains embedded in the wound is called an impaled object

21. Puncture

22. First Aid for Bleeding • First put on protective equipment (gloves) • Wash a minor wound with mild soap & running water to remove dirt and debris • Do not attempt to clean a severe injury (avulsion) • Always wash hands before and after care

23. Caring for an Open Wound • Control bleeding (sterile dressing-direct pressure) • Cover and press firmly • Raise / elevate above heart (if no broken bone is suspected) • Apply bandage snugly over dressing (if bleeding does not stop apply additional dressing) • If bleeding cannot be controlled, put pressure to supplying artery • Call for help

24. How to Apply a Pressure Bandage • Place a dressing over the wound • Secure the roller bandage over the dressing • Using overlapping turns, cover the dressing completely • Secure the bandage in place; tie tightly over wound • Should be tight enough to maintain pressure, but not so tight that it cuts off circulation

25. Pressure Point Bleeding Control • If elevating & applying pressure does not stop bleeding, pressure point bleeding control must be used. • This procedure involves pressing the main artery against a bone • It should be used only when absolutely necessary; seriously injured or possibly in shock.

26. Burns

27. Burns are caused by: • Heat – most common • Chemicals • Electrical current • Radiation (from the sun)

28. Burns • Are a specific type of soft tissue injury • You can describe burns by their cause or by their depth (the deeper the burn, the more severe it is) • First degree are superficial • Second & Third degree are deep • A critical burn can be life-threatening

29. Types of Burns

30. Superficial (First Degree) • Involve the first layer of skin (outer layer) • Skin is red & dry & usually painful • May be swollen • Most sunburns are superficial • Cool the burn with cool running water (not ice) for 10 minutes • Pat dry & cover with a sterile bandage.

32. Partial Thickness (Second Degree) • Involves top layers of skin • Skin is red & blistered that may open & seep clear fluid • Usually painful & often swells • Cool the burn with cold water (not ice) and elevate. • Wrap the area loosely with sterile, dry dressing. • Do not pop blisters • Seek medical attention

35. Full Thickness (Third Degree) • Destroys all layers of skin & any/all underlying structures (fat, muscle/bones,nerves) • Burns look brown/black (charred) with tissue underneath appearing white • Can be either extremely painful or relatively painless (nerve endings destroyed) • Call for medical help immediately • Cool with large amount of water and cover the area with dry sterile dressing

38. Special Kinds of Burns

39. Chemical Burns • Chemicals (cleansers, lawn & garden sprays, paint removers, bleach) come in contact with skin or eyes • May cause severe burns (longer contact) • Flush with large amounts of cool running water • Remove clothing

41. Electrical Burns • Never go near a victim of an electrical burn until you are sure the power source is turned off • Caused by: • Power lines • Lightning • Defective electrical equipment • Electrical outlets

42. Electrical Burns continued • Severity depends on how long the victim was in contact with power source & strength & type of current & path it takes • Often deep • Two wounds-enter/exit

43. Ch 28 Lesson 1- Review Questions • Define first aid • Why is it necessary to use universal precautions when giving first aid to a person who is bleeding? • What two universal precautions that a person should follow when giving first aid to another person? • What are the first three things you should do when you recognize an emergency situation? 5. Most burns are caused by?

44. Ch 28 Lesson 1- Review Questions Continued… 6. What are the types of burns? 7. What are the four types of open wounds? 8. _____ A cut caused by a razor blade is called a. an abrasion c. a puncture b. a laceration d. an avulsion 9. ____ Puncture wounds usually cause heavy external bleeding. 10. ____ A severed body part should be packed in ice or ice water to preserve the tissue. (true or false)