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Watershed Hydrology, a Hawaiian Prospective; Groundwater

Watershed Hydrology, a Hawaiian Prospective; Groundwater. Ali Fares, PhD Evaluation of Natural Resource Management, NREM 600 UHM-CTAHR-NREM. Presentation Outline. Infiltration Definition & theory Green-Ampt, Horton & Philip equations Infiltration measurement Infiltration as affected by:

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Watershed Hydrology, a Hawaiian Prospective; Groundwater

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  1. Watershed Hydrology, a Hawaiian Prospective; Groundwater Ali Fares, PhD Evaluation of Natural Resource Management, NREM 600 UHM-CTAHR-NREM

  2. Presentation Outline • Infiltration • Definition & theory • Green-Ampt, Horton & Philip equations • Infiltration measurement • Infiltration as affected by: • Soil type

  3. Aquifers

  4. Aquifer Properties

  5. Water flows from area of high energy to low energy • A unit of water has energy due to 3 factors: • Elevation • Pressure • Velocity (not important for groundwater)

  6. Total Energy is expressed as feet of “head” • Head is equivalent to a column of water so many feet high (convertible to pressure by multiplying by the weight of water)

  7. Darcy’s Law • a) French engineer experimented with water flowing through sand in mid-1800s • b) He found that the amount of flow was • i) proportional to the area through which the flow occurred, and was • ii) proportional to the hydraulic gradient (the change in head per length of flow path), and • iii) related to the nature of the material through which the flow was occurring

  8. Hydraulic Conductivity • Darcy’s K, a velocity, is known as Hydraulic conductivity • Darcy’s K is actually a function of • the liquid as well as • the porous media (sand, gravel, clay, etc)

  9. Darcy’s Law can be used to predict total flow if the hydraulic gradient and other factors are known • Transmissivity: hydraulic conductivity times the thickness of the aquifer (Kb)

  10. Subsurface classifications

  11. Water content of an Unconfined Aquifer • porosity sets the maximum volume available for water below the water table • porosity (n) = Specific yield (Sy - the water the aquifer will release) + Specific retention (Sr - the water not released)

  12. Surface water & Groundwater Interactions • A “gaining” stream: receives water from the groundwater (the groundwater discharges to the surface) • The water table is higher than the stream bed • A “losing” stream recharges the groundwater • The water table is lower than the stream bed

  13. Effect on the Water Table of Pumping from a Well • a “Cone of Depression” is created in the water table (potentiometric surface) when a well is pumped at a sustained rate • This can result in a shift in direction of flow as the potentiometric surface is changed • sub-surface flow patterns are a function of basin thickness, water table gradient, and geologic complexity ( mixed hydraulic conductivities)

  14. Darcy’s Law can be used to predict the drop in level of the water table due to pumping from a well, or system of wells

  15. Drop Down • Under steady state conditions at a given pumping rate, and if K is known • Theis in the 1930s predicted the drawdown in the water table at any given time while the Cone of Depression is expanding • Values of W(u) can be looked up in Table 9.1 for calculated values of u

  16. Capture Zone of Wells • The zone of influence of a well is determined by the slope of the potentiometric surface (water flows down “energy”) • Dimensions of the capture zone can be calculated if the characteristics of the aquifer are known (thickness, K, hydraulic gradient, etc.)

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