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Chapter 21-Birds

Chapter 21-Birds. Class Aves- Birds. ~8,700 species Forelimbs modified into wings Amniotic eggs (hard-shelled) Scaled feet and legs Strong, light-weight skeleton Endothermic metabolism (104 ° F to 108 ° F) Completely divided ventricle

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Chapter 21-Birds

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  1. Chapter 21-Birds

  2. Class Aves- Birds • ~8,700 species • Forelimbs modified into wings • Amniotic eggs (hard-shelled) • Scaled feet and legs • Strong, light-weight skeleton • Endothermic metabolism (104° F to 108° F) • Completely divided ventricle • Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood completely separate • Highly efficient lungs • Syrinx- Bird’s song box

  3. Bird Heart

  4. One-way air flow Air sacs store gas (more efficient) Lungs exposed to only oxygenated air Blood travels in opposite direction Endothermic metabolism, completely divided ventricle, and efficient lungs account for energy needed for flight Highly Efficient Lungs

  5. Highly Efficient Lungs

  6. Bird Skeleton • Thin • Hollow • Many bones fused for sturdy muscle attachment • Keel- Enlarged breastbone and fused collar bone • Breast muscles attachment (30% of weight)

  7. Class Aves- Birds • Brain to body size ratio second only to mammals • Digestion: • Beak lacks teeth • Crop- Expanded portion of esophagus stores food • 2-chamber stomach: • Proventriculus - 1st – Digestive acids partially break down food • Gizzard- 2nd – Muscular; grinds and crushes • Waste exits cloaca • Covert nitrogenous wastes to uric acid in a harmless white paste form

  8. Feathers Camouflage • Covered in feathers (modified reptilian scales) • Develop from follicles (tiny pits in skin) • Molt feathers individually • Also function as camouflage or attracting mates • Sexual dimorphism- Males and females have different appearances • Males more brightly colored to attract females

  9. Feathers Attract Mates Male and female cardinals

  10. Feathers • Follicles- Small sacs in skin where feathers develop • Two types: • Contour feathers- Cover body and give shape • Flight feathers- wings and tail • Protect and streamline • Rachis- Broad, flat part of feather • Vane- central shaft of feather • Branches (barbs) w/barbules (projections with hooks) interlock • Quill- bottom section of rachis (calamus) • Preening- Pulling feathers to relink connections • Preen gland- Secretes oil to clean and waterproof feathers • At base of tail • Down feathers- Insulate under contour feathers

  11. Bird Feathers

  12. Amazing Bird Flights Hummingbird • Hummingbirds flap their wings rapidly (20-80 beats per second) • Smallest birds • Migrating birds can travel up to 2,000 miles in 6 days • Gulls and vultures use upward air movement to use little energy Turkey Vulture

  13. Bird Reproduction and Offspring • Monogamous- many bird species have mating pairs and mate for life • Clutch- a group of eggs in a nest • Incubate- Male or female parents keep eggs warm • Albumin- Egg white (protein) • Altricial- birds helpless at birth • Few eggs at a time • Stay in nest a long time • Ex: songbirds (i.e. American Robin) • Precocial- birds well developed at birth • Large numbers of eggs • Feed themselves • Ex: Ducks and chickens

  14. Bird Diversity Robin • 28 orders (see page 329) • 60% order Passiformes (song birds) • 5,300 species; largest group of terrestrial vertebrates Mocking bird

  15. Bird Adaptations Sea gull • Adaptations based on habits and diet • Beak (bill) • Legs • Feet • Some adaptations include • Stream-lined bodies for flying over water • Low-light vision for feeding at night (nocturnal) • Wings adapted for swimming Barn owl

  16. Flightless Birds • Ostriches (Africa) & Emus (Domesticated) • Largest birds • Body to heavy for flight • Penguins (Antarctica) • Adapted wings for swimming Emperor penguin family

  17. Avian Adaptations

  18. Avian Adaptations

  19. North American Flyways

  20. Long Migration Flight

  21. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=6E13957B-D61D-4EB4-9F96-FDC5E1FEC45B&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=UShttp://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=6E13957B-D61D-4EB4-9F96-FDC5E1FEC45B&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

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