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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century. Timeline. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis. “Little Ice Age” Small drop in average temperatures Famine Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) led to food shortages

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 The Late Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the Fourteenth Century

  2. Timeline

  3. A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Crisis • “Little Ice Age” • Small drop in average temperatures • Famine • Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) led to food shortages • Population growth up to 1300 put pressure on food supply

  4. The Black Death • Most devastating natural disaster in European History • Bubonic Plague • Rats and Fleas • Yersinia Pestis • Spread of the Plague • Originated in Asia • Arrived in Europe in 1347 • Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas • Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European population (19 – 38 million dead in four years) • Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369

  5. The fourteenth century was a era of crisis. A “little ice” age led to famine, but a greater disaster followed: the Black Death. The bubonic plague was spread by black rats’ fleas, carrying the bacterium Yersina pestis, while the pneumonic variety was transmitted through the air from person to person. It reached Europe in 1347. In a few years up to 50 percent of the population died, with higher mortality rates in urban areas. It returned every few years for centuries.

  6. Map 11.1: Spread of the Black Death

  7. Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague • Plague as a punishment from God • The flagellants • Attacks against Jews • Violence

  8. Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval • Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes • Statute of Laborers (1351) sought to limit wages • Social Mobility • Peasant Revolts • Jacquerie in France (1358) • English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) • Revolts in the Cities • Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)

  9. Reactions differed. Some escaped into alcohol, sex, and crime. Others, believing the Black Death to be a punishment from God, attempted to atone for their sins through self-inflicted pain. The Jews became scapegoats. People fled, carrying the plague with them. The resulting labor shortage could benefit peasants, although the demand for products was also reduced. When the ruling classes reduced wage rates there were peasant revolts. The ruling classes quelled the revolts, but social upheaval continued to plague the post-plague world.

  10. Chart 11.1: Background to the Hundred Years’ War: Kings of France and England

  11. The Hundred Years’ War • Causes • Entanglement of French and English royal families • King Edward III (1327 – 1377) claims French crown • French seize duchy of Gascony (1337) sparking war • Conduct and Course of the War • Differences in the armies • Battle of Crecy (1346) • Henry V (1413 – 1422) • Battle of Agincourt (1415) • Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne) • Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431) • Siege of Orleans • Captured by allies of the English in 1430 • Burned at the stake (1431) • Gunpowder • War ends with French victory (1453)

  12. Map 11.2: The Hundred Years’ War

  13. Wars were also part of the crisis, notably the Hundred Years War between England and France. In 1328 the French Capetian line ended. England’s Edward III (d.1377) claimed the French throne, but a cousin to the Capets, Philip of Valois, became king (d.1350). War soon began. Armored knights on horseback were the backbone of medieval armies, but English peasants using the longbow had begun to change the face of war. When the French king was captured, a treaty was signed in 1360: France agreed to pay ransom, the English received land in France, and Edward renounced his claim to the throne.

  14. Using guerilla tactics, the French regained their lands, but in 1415 England’s Henry V (d.1422) invaded. The French cause was saved by Joan of Arc (d.1431), a young peasant woman, who claimed to have been told by an angel and saints that she should offer her support to the dauphin, the heir to the throne. Her leadership inspired the French, who also began to rely on cannon, and by 1453 France had won.

  15. Political Instability • Breakdown of Feudal Institutions • Scutage • New Royal Dynasties • Financial Problems • Parliaments gain power

  16. The Growth of England’s Political Institutions • Edward III (1327 – 1377) • Parliament • House of Lords • House of Commons • During Edward III’s reign, the English Parliament gained control over taxes, increasing its power. • Richard II (1377 – 1399) • Aristocratic factionalism • Henry IV (1399 – 1413) • Deposed Richard II

  17. The Problems of the French Kings • Weakness of the French Monarchy • Estates-General • 1357 meeting • Charles VI (1380 – 1422) • Competition between the dukes of Burgundy and Orléans to control Charles

  18. Germany & Italy • The German Monarchy • Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire • Hundreds of States • Elective Monarchy • The Golden Bull (1356) • Weak kings • In Germany, dukedoms and city-states went their own way, independent of the Holy Roman Emperor, itself an elective office. Italy was divided into small kingdoms in the south, the Papal States in central Italy, and several city-states in the north, notably Milan and the oligarchic republics of Florence and Venice. Warfare was endemic.

  19. The States of Italy • The States of Italy • Lack of centralized authority • Republicanism to Tyranny • Development of regional states • Milan • Florence • Venice

  20. The Ponte Vecchio – Venice

  21. The Decline of the Church • Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State • Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303) • Conflict with Philip the Fair of France • Unam Sanctam (1302) • Captured by French at Anagni • Clement V (1305 – 1314) • The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1377) • Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige • Captives of the French monarchy • New sources of revenue • Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)

  22. The papacy declined. Confrontation between France’s Philip IV (d.1314) and Pope Boniface VIII led to the removal of the papacy to Avignon on France’s border in 1305. From 1377 there were two competing popes. Some argued that a general council, not the pope, should rule the church, and Conciliarism did end the Great Schism. There was a preoccupation with salvation. Some turned to good works, others to mysticism and devotional movements.

  23. Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes

  24. The Great Schism • Papacy returns to Rome in 1378 • Rival popes elected • Pope Urban VI • Pope Clement VII • The Great Schism divides Europe • Calls for systematic reform • Marsiglio of Padua (c. 1270 – 1342), Defender of the Peace • Conciliarism • Council of Pisa (1409) • Deposed both popes and elected a new pope • Popes refuse to step down • Results in three popes • Council of Constance (1414 – 1418) • End of the Schism • Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)

  25. Popular Religion • Trends • Mechanical paths to salvation • Mysticism and Lay Piety • Meister Eckhart (1260 – 1327) • Modern Devotion • Gerard Groote (1340 – 1384) and the Brothers of the Common Life • Unique Female Mystical Experiences

  26. Changes in Theology • Challenges to Scholastic Thought • William of Occam (1285 – 1329) • Nominalism • Consequences of William’s ideas

  27. The scholastics’ confidence in reason was attacked: God’s existence could only be “proved” by faith. Vernacular literature was exemplified in Italy by Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch, Chaucer in England, and Christine de Pizan in France. In art, Giotto explored three-dimensional realism. After the Black Death, artists frequently portrayed subjects of death and decay.

  28. The Development of Vernacular Literature and New Directions in Art • Dante (1265 – 1321) • The Divine Comedy • Petrarch (1304 – 1374) • Sonnets • Boccaccio (1313 – 1375) • Decameron • Chaucer (c. 1340 – 1400) • The Canterbury Tales • Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1430) • The Book of the City of Ladies • Art and the Black Death • Giotto (1266 – 1337) • Morbidity of late fourteenth-century art

  29. Giotto, Lamentation

  30. Change & Invention • Changes in Urban Life • Greater Regulation • Marriage • Gender Roles • Male: active and domineering • Women: passive and submissive • Medieval children • New Directions in Medicine • Hierarchy • Trends • Inventions and New Patterns • The mechanical clock • New conception of time • Gunpowder and cannons

  31. The impact of the plague led to urban public health regulations, to younger marriages, and to a greater division of gender roles under the assumption that women were the weaker gender. Technological developments included the perfection of the clock and eyeglasses, and paper began to replace parchment. Finally, the development of gunpowder blew the Middle Ages into history.

  32. A Medical Textbook

  33. Mechanical Clock in the Prague Town Hall

  34. Discussion Questions • What impact did the Black Death have on medieval European society? • What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War? • Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the Hundred Years’ War? • How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations between the English King and his Parliament? • Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal prestige? • How was the Great Schism finally ended? • How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan reflect the values of their respective societies? • How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?

  35. Web Links • ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies • The End of Europe’s Middle Ages • The Black Death, 1347 – 1350 • Medieval Dance of Death • De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military History • The Age of King Charles V • The World of Dante • Geoffrey Chaucer

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