Unit Goals In this unit, students will be able to

1. UNIT2 Music and Art Reading1 TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello Reading2 WhatIsaPrint? UnitGoals Inthisunit,studentswillbeableto • findouthow“TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello”becameariteofpassagefor cellistsandlearnthestorybehinditsfirstcompleterecording. • appreciatedifferenttypesofprints,understandhowtheirtechniquesandcharacteristics differ,anddeveloptheirowneyeforthisartform.

2. READING1 TheSixSuitesfor UnaccompaniedCello Intro “TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello”by JohannSebastianBacharesomeofthemost frequentlyperformedandrecognizablesolo compositionseverwrittenforcello.Thesuites containagreatvarietyoftechnicaldevicesand awideemotionalrange.Thoughtheyweremost likelycomposedduringtheperiod1717–1723, thesuiteswerenotwidelyknownuntilthe1930s. Theywerehiddenforabout200years.Thenthey suddenlybecamenotjustknowntotheworldbut becamesomeofthemostfavoredmusicalpiecesin theworld.Whathappened?Readonandfindout. SearchtheInternetfor“TheSixSuitesforUnaccompanied Cello”byJohannSebastianBach,listentothe“Prelude”of “SuiteNo.1,”andtellhowyoufeel.

3. GetReady A B Youaregoingtoreadanarticle,“TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello.”Beforeyou readthearticle,guesstheanswerstothesequestions. 1.Whatdoestheterm“suite”meaninthisarticle? amusicalcompositionofseveralmovementsonlylooselyconnected asetofcomputerprogramsthataredesignedtoworktogether 2.Whatdoestheword“unaccompanied”mean? withoutanybodyelseoranythingelse playingalonewithoutinstrumentalaccompaniment Thereadingusesthetermsbelow.Whatdoyouthinktheymightmean? poeticlicense unprecedented tostumbleon transcendence exposure tocomeacross diction tobombard C Beforeyoubegintoread,makealistofdetailsinthecolumns. TopiBacelloSuites Topic:c:Bachh’s’s“CCelloSuites” •WhatIWanttoKnow •WhatIKnow 041 TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello

4. TheSixSuitesfor UnaccompaniedCello MyfirstexposuretoBach’s“CelloSuites,”afterworkingasapop musiccriticforadailynewspaper,1rewiredmyaudiocircuitry.Ittook placeinasmallconcerthallwhereacellistwithashockofwhitehair wasbentovera17th-centuryinstrument.InthehandsofLaurence Lesser,theinstrumentseemedtodefythelawsofmusicalgravity. IntheprogramnotesLesser,fromBoston,explainedthatthesuites werelargelyunhearduntil1890,whena13-year-oldcellistwasoutfor astrollwithhisfatherintheoldportdistrictofBarcelona.Thecellist wasPabloCasals,andwhenhestumbledonthesheetmusicofthe “CelloSuites”inasecondhandshop,bothhiscareerandthecourse ofmusichistoryweretransformed.Casalsspentthenextdozenyears masteringthemusicbeforesummoningtheconfidencetoplayan entiresuiteinpublic.Thisimageofaboycellistdiscoveringthemusic wasthedramatic2kick-startforthestoryInowknew.Soonenough,as Ilistenedtothissublimemusicagainandagain,Iseemedtohearthat luckystrollinthepreludeofthefirstsuite. WhydidBachwritethisunprecedentedsolomusicinthefirst place?Itisthoughttohavebeencomposed around1720,butthereisnocrucialevidence asBach’soriginalmanuscriptdisappeared. Thereareotherquestionmarksaswell.“Suite No.5,”forexample,composedforastrange tuning,alsoexistsinabetterversionforsolo lutededicatedtoa“MonsieurSchouster,” 3 aboutwhomnothingisknown.And“Suite No.6”waswrittenforamysteriousfive- stringinstrument. •“Prelude”of“SuiteNo.1” stumbleon suiteunaccompaniedexposurecircuitrydefygravitystroll summonsublimepreludeunprecedenteddedicatemonsieur sketchy ononeoccasionbassoonist Q.1 Whatcausedthewriterto changehisviewonmusic? •LaurenceLesser Q.2 HowlongdidPabloCasals practicethemusicbefore playingitinpublic? 042 Unit2|MusicandArt 05 10 15 20 25

5. Q.3 Whyaretheremany questionsaboutBachand hismusic? SuchquestionsaretypicalwhenitcomestoBach.Unlikehis maincompetitorsintheclassicalmusic4pantheon—Mozartand Beethoven—hehasreceivedonlypassingattentioninpopularculture. That’spartlyaresultofthesketchyhistoricalrecord.Onlyonereal portraitofBachhassurvived,whichshowshimabitontheheavyside, holdingasheetofmusicforchildrentopuzzleover.YetBach’slifewas notclosedtotheworld.Hewasfondofhisdrink,hispipetobacco,his 20children,tenofwhomlivedtoadulthood,hisfirstwifewhodied young,andhissecondwifewhowasyoungwhentheymarried.Onone occasionhefoughtwitharudebassoonist anddrewhissword.Onanotheroccasion hewasthrownintoprison. OnethingBachdidnotexperienceinhis wholelife—helivedfrom1685to1750—was greatfame.Theroadtomajorsuccessfora composerinhisdayranthroughtheopera house,andBachneverlivedinacitythat 5 10 15 supportedanopera.Heworkedinrelative 5 •TheonlypreservedBach portrait obscurityinplacessuchasArnstadt, Mühlhausen,Weimar,Cöthen,andLeipzig. 20 •TheBachHouseinEisenach,theoldestmuseumdevotedtoJohannSebastianBach 1rewiredmyaudiocircuitry:changedmyviewonmusic 2kick-start:anactionoreventtogivenewenergytosomething 3lute:astringedinstrumenthavingalargepear-shapedbody,avaultedback,afretted fingerboard,andaheadwithtuningpegswhichisoftenangledbackwardfromtheneck 4pantheon:agroupofpeoplewhoarefamousorimportant 5obscurity:thequalityorconditionofbeingunknown 043 TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello

6. Widerfamecamenearly80yearsafterhisdeath,whena20-year- oldFelixMendelssohnstagedaperformanceofthe“St.Matthew Passion.”Itwassuccessful,buttheso-calledBachrevivalwasslowin coming.Thus,whenCasalslaideyesoncellomusicheneverknew Q.4 Whywasn’tBachpopular duringhiswholelife? existed,itwasverymuchinkeepingwiththestoryofBach.Forthose musicianswhoknewofthem,the“CelloSuites”wereconsidereddry, technicalexercises,perhapsofsomeeducationalvalue,butnotfitfor theconcerthall. 05 •StatueofFelixMendelssohnin •PabloCasals Leipzig,Germany WhenCasalsstartedfiguringoutthemusichehadfound,hedidn’t haveamodel.Hehadtoreinventit,becausetheoriginalmanuscript hadgonemissingandthefewcopiesthatsurviveddifferedindetails. Westilldon’tknowwhatBachhadinmindfortempo,dynamics, bowingorstylesofplay.Thesheetmusic,asaresult,comeswith 6 Everycellistofthepastcenturywouldmeasuretheirperformance againstthatofashortmusicianfromasmalltowninCatalonia,who sufferedregularboutsofstagefrightandclenchedhiseyestightlyshut whenplaying.Foralongtimenobodysoundedanywherenearasgood. 10 15 Q.5 WhydidCasalshave toreinventthemusic whenhewastryingto understandthe“Cello Suites”? poeticlicenseattached. bout clench comeacross ovation bombard optimistic transcendence 044 Unit2|MusicandArt

7. TheearliestevidenceIcameacrossofCasalsperforminga“Cello Suite”wasintheautumnof1901.Hewasonajointconcerttourof SpainwiththeBritishpianistHaroldBauer.TheDiariodeBarcelona,a Spanishnewspaper,notedthaton17October,Casalsplayed“the‘Suite’ ofBach”andpraisedhisperformanceforits7diction.Lateronthe sametour,Madrid’sElLiberalreportedthat“aBachsuiteearnedSenor Casalsastandingovation.”Themusicthathadlainasleepfornearly twocenturieswasfinallybeingheard. Butitwasnotuntilthe1930s—duringandshortlyaftertheSpanish civilwar—thatCasalsfinallyrecordedallsixsuites.Thatfirst-ever completerecordingofthemusicsoundsurgent,desperateandhopeful inwaysthatpeacetimemightnothaveproduced.Casalsrecordedthe secondandthirdsuitesatLondon’sAbbeyRoadStudiosin1936,at theverymomentthattheBattleofMadridwasragingandcivilians werebeingbombarded.SuitesoneandsixwererecordedinParisin 1938.Andfinally,suitesfourandfivewererecordedinJune1939,after 8 Sincethen,thesuiteshavebecomeariteofpassageforcelloplayers. OnarecenttriptoarecordstoreinManhattan,Ifoundnofewerthan 24versions;Casals’historicrecordingremainsatopseller. Eachofthesixsuiteshasitsownpersonality.Thefirstisoptimistic andfullofyouthfulenergy.Thesecondsuite,forme,hasbecomeoneof tragedy,andthereisevidencethatitmightexpressBach’sdeepsadness atthedeathofhisfirstwife.Thethirdsuiterepresentslove,thefourth struggle,thefifthmystery,andthesixth—burstingtheboundariesof allthatcamebeforeandcomposedforaninstrumentwithoneextra string—transcendence. Whenresearchingthesixthsuite,IhappenedtobeinBrusselsand oneafternoonfoundabusinesscardadvertisingasecondhandmusic 6poeticlicense:thelibertytakenbyanartistorawriterindeviatingfromconventional formorfacttoachieveadesiredeffect 7diction:degreeofclarityanddistinctnessofpronunciationinspeechorsinging 8GeneralFranco:SpanishgeneralwhosearmiestookcontrolofSpainin1939andwho ruleduntilhisdeath(1892-1975) 05 10 15 20 25 •London’sAbbeyRoad Studios Q.6 HowwasCasals’first performanceofa“Cello Suite”receivedbythe audience? Q.7 WhydoesCasals’recording ofthe“CelloSuites”sound urgentanddesperate? Q.8 Whatdoesthephrase“a riteofpassageforcello players”mean? Q.9 Whatisthepersonalityof eachsuite? GeneralFrancohadwonthewar. 045 TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello

8. shopcalledPrelude.Iwasfascinatedandtrackeditdown.Itwasa smallshop,withasleepingdogandasimilarlyboredsalesman.There waspreciouslittletobuyexceptforsomeoldpiecesofsheetmusic. Iwentthroughthepileassignedforcello,andrecognizedthenames ofeducatorsfromthe19thcentury.ThenIleafedthroughapieceof musicsellingfor€6.Theroomseemedtospin.ItwastheGrützmacher 05 editionofthe“Suites,”thesameonethatCasalsstumbleduponin 1890.Thecashregisterrangupmypurchase.Ihadstrolledintoascene frommyimagination. Q.10 Whathappenedtothe writerinBrussels? 046 Unit2|MusicandArt

9. AfterYouRead A Decidewherethefollowingstatementsbelong. Bach PabloCasals Thewriter WhenIstumbledontothesheetmusicofthe“CelloSuites”inasecondhandshop, bothmycareerandthecourseofmusichistoryweretransformed. Ineverlivedinacitythatsupportedanopera. AsIlistenedtothissublimemusicagainandagain,Iseemedtohearthatluckystroll inthepreludeofthefirstsuite. Unlikemymaincompetitorsintheclassicalmusicpantheon,Ihavereceivedonly passingattentioninpopularculture. Ispentadozenyearsmasteringthemusicbeforesummoningtheconfidencetoplay anentiresuiteinpublic. Isufferedregularboutsofstagefrightandclenchedmyeyestightlyshutwhenplaying. Ileafedthroughapieceofmusicsellingfor€6andfoundtheGrützmachereditionof the“Suites.” Decideifthefollowingsentencesaretrue(T)orfalse(F). B 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.T TheSuiteNo.6wascomposedforastrangetuning. Bachwasoncethrownintoprison. Eachofthesuiteshasasimilarpersonality. Thefirstrecordingofthesuitessoundsratherpeaceful. F F F F C SearchtheInternetforRostropovichcellosuitesandlistentothe“Prelude”and “Sarabande”of“SuiteNo.1.”Thenanswerthequestions. 1.Howaretheydifferent? 2.Whichonedoyoulikebetterandwhy? 047 TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello

10. VocabularyFocus A Matcheachwordwithitspropermeaning. a.notknowntomanypeople b.togiveentirelytoaspecificperson,activity,orcause c.towalkinaslow,relaxedmanner,especiallyforpleasure d.abook,playorothercreativeworkthatiswrittenbyhand e.agroupofpeoplewhoarethemostfamous,important andadmiredintheirparticularareaofactivity 1.pantheon 2.dedicate 3.obscure 4.stroll 5.manuscript B Fillineachblankwiththerightwordfromtheboxbelow. music,shewasmovedtotears. teethwithanger. andthereisstillnoreportaboutanylosses aboutthestateoftheeconomyanddirectionof 1.Asthequeenlistenedtothe 2.Thesoldieransweredbetweenhis 3.Thedetailsoftheincidentare causedbythetraincrash. 4.Americansaregrowingmore thecountry. optimistic tamed convenient sublime sketchy clenched evident rigid C Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectanswer. 1.Ariteofpassageisa significantevent inatimeofchangeinsomeone’slife. painfulmemory 2.Whensomeoneissummoningconfidencetodosomething,heorsheis confidence. lacking gathering 3.Ifawarisraging,itisbeingcarriedonwithgreat . caution violence 4.Whenyoudefyanauthority,you it. resist accept 048 Unit2|MusicandArt

11. WorkTogether ThePowerofMusic A ReadthefollowingpassageaboutElSistemaandanswerthequestions. Orchestra ChildrenpracticinginanElSistema JoséAntonioAbreuworkingwith children “ElSistema”isanetworkofchildren’sandyouthorchestras,musiccentersand workshopsinVenezuela,inwhichmorethan250,000childrenandyoungpeopleare currentlylearningtoplayaninstrument.ItwassetupmorethanthirtyyearsagobyJosé AntonioAbreu,whowasdrivenbytheidealvisionofabetterfuture.Inthedangerousand poortownsofCaracas,Abreuliftschildrenoutofpovertythroughmusic,changingboth peopleandstructures. 1.Doyouthinkthatmusichasthepowertosavechildrenfrompovertyandviolence? 2.Whatkindofmusicdoyoulistentomostoften? 3.Howdoesmusicinfluenceyourlifepersonally? SearchformoreinformationonJoséAntonioAbreuandwritehimaletterexpressing youradmirationforwhathehasdoneforVenezuelanchildren. DearDr.Abreu, B 049 TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello

12. READING2 WhatIsaPrint? Intro Aprintisasinglepieceofpaperwithanimageon it,amongmultiplecopiesmadefromthetransfer ofinkfromapreparedsurfaceontoapieceof paper.Anartistcreatesanimageonthesurfaceof wood,copper,steelorstonethatultimatelyistobe printed.Letusentertheworldofprintmaking,and findoutinterestingtechniquesandtheirunique characteristics. Whatprintmakingtechniquesareusedmost commonlyandwhataretheircharacteristics?

13. GetReady A Guesswhichtechniqueofprintingisusedforeachpicture.Youmayrefertothesample picturesofdifferenttechniquesshowninthemaintext. 1 2 MarilynDiptychbyAndyWarhol TheThreeCrossesbyRembrandt 4 3 ThePotatoEaters byVincentvanGogh PortraitofOttoMüller byErnstLudwigKirchner •etchinganimagecutintothesurfacebytheactionofacid •woodcutanimagecutintoablockofwood • lithographyamethodofprintingpicturesthatusesflatmetalorstonesurfaces, partsofwhicharecoveredwithink • screenprintingamethodofprintinginwhichinkorpaintisforcedthroughastretched pieceofsilkcloth Beforeyoubegintoread,makealistofdetailsinthecolumns. Topic:Printmaking B WhatIKnow WhatIWanttoKnow 051 WhatIsaPrint?

14. Aprintisaworkofartmadeupofinkonpaperandexistingin multipleexamples.Itiscreatednotbydrawingonpaperwithapenor otherinstrument,butthroughanindirecttransferprocess.Theartist beginsbydrawingacompositiononanothersurface.Thetransfer occurswhenasheetofpaper,placedincontactwiththedrawnsurface, isrunthroughaprintingpress. Amongtheadvantagesofmakinganartworkinthiswayisthat numerous“impressions”canbemade,sincenewpiecesofpapercanbe sentthroughthepressinthesameway.Theartistdecideshowmany tomakeandthattotalnumberofimpressionsiscalledan“1edition.” Theyarethensignedandnumberedbytheartist.Sincemorethanone exampleexists,manypeoplecanowntheseprints. Thefourfamoustechniquesarewoodcut,etching,lithography, andscreenprinting.Dependingonwhatanartistwantstoexpressin 05 10 Q.1 Whatisaprintandhowis itcreated? •CoverfortheOriginalPrintbyHenrideToulouse-Lautrec compositionartworkwoodcutetching recesscutawayprophetjagged lithography fabric straightforward 052 Unit2|MusicandArt

15. aparticularwork,oneoranothertechniqueischosenforitsdistinct visualeffects.Sincethesetechniquesaresometimescomplicatedto carryout,theassistanceofanexpertprinterisoftenrequired.Inthis lithographbyToulouse-Lautrec,theprinterisshownworkingthe Q.2 Whatarethefourbest knownprintmaking techniques? presswhileoneoftheartist’sfriends,thecelebrateddancerJaneAvril, examinesanewprint. Woodcut Theearliestprinttechniquewas woodcut,whichfirstappearedin Chinainthe9thcentury.Theprocess, originallyusedforstampingdesigns ontofabrics,wasalsoemployedinthe MiddleAgestomakefunctionalitems likeplayingcards. Themakingofawoodcutisa straightforwardprocess.Anartist sketchesacompositiononapieceof woodandthen,using2gougesand knives,cutsawaypiecesfromthe •TheProphetbyEmilNolde block.Inkisappliedtothesurfaceof theblockwitharoller.Paperisplacedovertheblock,whichisthenrun throughapress.Woodcutscanalsobeprintedbyhand,usingaspoon orsimilarinstrumenttorubthebackofthepaperandtransferthe imagefromthewood.Therecessed,cutawayareasdonotreceiveink andappearwhiteontheprintedimage. ForTheProphet,Noldecutawaylargeareaswhichontheprint readaslighthittingtheface.Theareasoftheblockthatwerenotcut awayandreceivedtheblackinkindicatedeepeyes,alongnose,sunken cheeks,abeard,andhair.Thestrongverticalwoodgrainingandthe overallpresenceofjaggedgougesbothcontributetothesenseof 1edition:theentirenumberoflikeoridenticalitemsissuedorproducedasaset 2gouge:achiselwitharoundedblade 05 10 15 20 25 30 Q.3 Describesome characteristicsofThe Prophet,whichisatypical woodcutprint. 053 WhatIsaPrint?

16. Q.4 Whatimpressionsdoes TheProphetgive,andhow didtheartistcreatethem? emotionandimmediacycomingoutfromthis3Expressionistimage, createdinaperiodwhenartistswerereactingagainsttheartificial refinementstaughtintheestablishedartacademies. Etching Inetching,acidisusedto“bite”oretchanimageintoametal plate.Itisaprinttechniquethathasbeenfavoredbyartistssincethe Renaissance,inlargepartbecauseoftheeasewithwhichacomposition canberendered. 05 •SculptorwithHisModel,HisSculptureand•AmericanLandscapebyEdwardHopper aBowlofAnemonesbyPabloPicasso Tomakeanetching,theartiststartswithametalplatethathasbeen coatedwithawaxysubstancecalleda“4ground.”InPabloPicasso’s print,seenabove,thecurvinglinesofthefigures’hair,theflowing vines,andthedetailedpatternoftheflooringdemonstratethefreedom withwhichtheartistwasabletocreatethisdelicatecomposition bydrawingthroughthegroundwithapointedmetaltoolcalledan etchingneedle.Hedidnotneedtodigdirectlyintothemetalitself. Next,theplateisimmersedinacid.Sincethegroundcoveringtheplate 10 15 Q.5 Howisanetchingmade? providesprotection,theacidgoesonlyintothedrawnlinesandeats awaytheexposedmetal. Etchingsareinkedverydifferentlyfromwoodcuts.Afterremoving thegroundcoveringtheplate,inkis“beaten”intotheincisedlineswith atoolcalleda5dabber.Thesurfaceoftheplateisthenwipedclean. 20 immediacy nongreasy refinement waxy immerse incised dampen grease adhere 054 Unit2|MusicandArt

17. Dampenedpaperisplacedovertheplateandrunthroughaprinting press,whereheavypressureisneededtoforcethepaperintothe etchedlines.Inthisway,thepaper“picksup”ink.Characteristically, theprintedlinesofetchingsareslightlyraisedonthepaper. Q.6 Whyareprintedlinesof etchingsraisedonthe paper? Lithography Lithography,whichwasinventedin1796andcameintoitsfull artisticcompletioninthe1890s,isbasedontheresistancebetween greaseandwater.Theartistmustutilizegreasysubstancestocreatean imageonastoneorplate,surfacesthathaveaslight6texturetocatch andholdthecrayonor7Tuschemarkings. Whenalithographisreadytobeprinted,achemicalmixtureis appliedacrossthecompositioninordertosecurelybondthegreasy drawnimagetothesurface.Thestoneorplateisthendampenedwith water,whichadheresonlytothenongreasyareas.Witharoller,greasy printer’sinkisappliedandsticksonlytothegreasydrawnsection,with blankareasbeingprotectedbyafilmofwater.Paperisthenlaidonthe stoneandrunthroughaprintingpresstotransfertheimage. 05 10 15 Q.7 Howistheresistance betweengreaseandwater appliedtothemakingofa lithograph? •PlateXXIIIbyJoanMiro •AnxietybyEdvardMunch 3Expressionist:oforrelatingtoamovementintheartsduringtheearlypartofthe20th centurythatemphasizedsubjectiveexpressionoftheartist’sinnerexperiences 4ground:thefirstcoatofpaintappliedtoasurface 5dabber:acushionedpadusedbyprintersandsculptorstoapplyink 6texture:thewaythatsomethingfeelswhenyoutouchit 7Tusche:ablackliquidusedfordrawinginlithographyandasaresistinetchingandsilk screenwork 055 WhatIsaPrint?

18. ScreenPrinting Screenprintingisaformof8stenciling,acommonprocedureused toapplywordsorimagestopaperandothermaterials,including signs.Duringthe1930s,anumberofAmericanartistsbeganmaking artworksinscreenprint,andbytheendofthatdecadetheterm 05 “9Serigraph”wasdevisedtodistinguishartists’screenprintsfrom commercialexamples. Q.8 Whywastheterm “Serigraph”devised? •TomatoSoupbyAndyWarhol •RedandBlackbyRalstonCrawford Duringthe1960s,screenprintingcameintogreaterprominence, particularlyduetothePopartists,whowereattractedtoitsboldareas ofunmodulatedcolor,itsflatsurfaces,anditsgenerallycommercial look.AndyWarholusedthisprintmakingtechniqueevenwhenhewas creatingimagesoncanvas. Forscreenprints,mesh(originallysilk)isstretchedtightlyacross aframe.Animageisgluedorotherwisemappedontothemeshto maskoutcompositionalareas.Thisimagecanbecreatedfroma varietyofmaterials:cutpaper,ahardeningformofglue,oraspecial gelatin.Unlikeproceduresforthetechniquesofwoodcut,etching,and 10 15 prominence unmodulated gelatin nonporous obstruct emulsion squeegee 056 Unit2|MusicandArt

19. lithography,noprintingpressisrequiredtotransferthisimagefrom screentopaper.Rather,paperisplaceddirectlybeneaththescreen, andatoolwithaflatrubberedgeisusedtopushinkthroughthemesh. Areasmaskedoutbycompositionalshapesarenonporousandobstruct theink,readingaswhiteshapesafterprinting.Whenmorethanone colorisneeded,ashere,separatescreensareusedforeachcolor. FilmPositiveused toexposeand harden Lightsensitive emulsion ScreenFrame stretched tightlywith fabric Squeegee Emulsionattached tofabric,exposedand developedtowashaway imageprintarea. Ink“squeezed” throughmakes print. •Screenprintingprocess Q.9 Whyisn’tprintingpress requiredinscreenprinting? 05 8stencil:1.apieceofpaper,metal,orothermaterialthathasadesign,letter,orotherimage cutintoit 2.tomakeapattern,lettersetc.usingastencil 9Serigraph:aprintmadebythesilkscreenprocess 057 WhatIsaPrint?

20. AfterYouRead A Identifythetechniqueusedfortheprint,anddecidewherethefollowingstatementsbelong. 1. 2. 3. 4. woodcut b, Thecutawayareasdonotreceiveinkandappearwhiteontheprintedimage. Itcameintogreaterprominence,particularlyduetothePopartists. Sincethegroundcoveringtheplateprovidesprotection,theacidgoesonlyintothedrawn linesandeatsawaytheexposedmetal. Thestoneorplateisthendampenedwithwater,whichadheresonlytothenongreasyareas. Itistheearliestprinttechnique,whichfirstappearedinChinainthe9thcentury. Itisbasedontheresistancebetweengreaseandwater. Theartiststartswithametalplatethathasbeencoatedwithawaxysubstancecalleda “ground.” Areasmaskedoutbycompositionalshapesarenonporousandobstructtheink,readingas whiteshapesafterprinting. Decideifthefollowingsentencesaretrue(T)orfalse(F). B 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.T FAprintiscreatedthroughanindirecttransferprocess. FLithographyisbasedontheresistancebetweengreaseandwater. FAchemicalmixtureisappliedacrossthecompositionforawoodcut. FForscreenprints,meshisstretchedtightlyacrossaframe. C 058 Writetheanswertothequestionsandshareyouropinionswithyourpartner. 1.Whichprintmakingtechniquedoyoupreferandwhy? 2.Whoisyourfavoritepainterandwhydoyoulikehimorher? Unit2|MusicandArt

21. VocabularyFocus A Matcheachwordwithitspropermeaning. 1.dampen 2.cutaway 3.unmodulated 4.graining 5.obstruct a.notchangedoradjusted b.havingorshowingpartscutaway c.atexture(likethatofwood) d.tomakewet e.toblockwithanobstacle B Fillineachblankwiththerightwordfromtheboxbelow. 1.ShedoesnotlikeChinesefoodbecauseitistoo . 2.Toexploretheproblemfurther, 3.KingSolomonhadgreatknowledgeand 4.Onthetree,appleshavetheirownnatural methodsmustbeemployed. ability. coatingtoprotectthem. 5.Thistestisatwo-hour choicetestconsistingof150questions. multiplefiniteunmodulated subordinategreasywaxy artistic indirect C Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectanswer. 1.Ifsomethingcameintoprominence,itbecamewidely . known criticized 2.Ifapieceofwoodisrecessed,apartofitis . cutaway recoveredfromdamage 3.Ifalabelisattachedtoapackage,itissecurely it. stuckto keptawayfrom 059 WhatIsaPrint?

22. WorkTogether 1 AppreciationofArt Lookatthepaintingsbelowanddecidewhichoneyoulikemost.Youmayusewords intheboxtoexpressyourfeelingsoropinions. InteriorwithMirroredWall byRoyLichtenstein OrangeReliefwithBlue byEllsworthKelly Hegel’sHolidaybyReneMagritte Dialog(Blue)byLeeU-fan amuse calm beautiful dynamic colorfulabstractmysteriousphilosophical naturaldeepthoughtfulpeacefullively movementsimplerealistic Ilike mostbecause . 2 Shareyourideaswithyourpartnerandwritedownyourpartner’sideas. Mypartnerlikes mostbecause . 060 Unit2|MusicandArt

23. CheckYourself 1 2 WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTfitinthecontext? MyfirstexposuretoBach’s“CelloSuites”rewiredmyaudiocircuitry.It tookplaceinasmallconcerthallwhereacellistwithashockofwhitehair wasbentovera17th-centuryinstrument.InthehandsofLaurenceLesser, theinstrumentseemedto1defythelawsofmusicalgravity.Intheprogram notesLesser,fromBoston,explainedthatthesuiteswerelargely2unheard until1890,whena13-year-oldcellistwasoutforastrollwithhisfatherin theoldportdistrictofBarcelona.ThecellistwasPabloCasals,andwhenhe 3stumbledonthesheetmusicofthe“CelloSuites”inasecondhandshop, bothhiscareerandthecourseofmusichistoryweretransformed.Casals spentthenextdozenyears4composingthemusicbeforesummoning theconfidencetoplayanentiresuiteinpublic.Thisimageofaboycellist discoveringthemusicwasthedramatickick-startforthestoryInowknew. Whichofthefollowingistrue? WhydidBachwrite“TheSixSuitesforUnaccompaniedCello”?Itisthought tohavebeencomposedaround1720,butthereisnocrucialevidenceas Bach’soriginalmanuscriptdisappeared.Thereareotherquestionmarksas well.“SuiteNo.5,”forexample,composedforastrangetuning,alsoexistsina betterversionforsololutededicatedtoa“MonsieurSchouster,”aboutwhom nothingisknown.And“SuiteNo.6”waswrittenforamysteriousfive-string instrument.SuchquestionsaretypicalwhenitcomestoBach.Unlikehismain competitorsintheclassicalmusicpantheon—MozartandBeethoven—hehas receivedonlypassingattentioninpopularculture.That’spartlyaresultofthe sketchyhistoricalrecord.Onlyonerealportraithassurvived.YetBach’slifewas notclosedtotheworld.Hewasveryfondofhisdrink,hispipetobacco,his20 children,hisfirstwifeandhissecondwife. Itiswellknownwhenthemusicwascomposed. ItwasnotunusualforBachtocomposesuchmysteriousmusic. BachhasbeenaspopularasMozartandBeethoven. Bach’slifewasnotrecordedindetail. 1 2 3 4 061 CheckYourself

24. 3 Whichonebestfitsintheblank? Widerfamecamenearly80yearsafterhisdeath,whena20-year-oldFelix Mendelssohnstagedaperformanceofthe“St.MatthewPassion.”Itwas successful,buttheso-calledBachrevivalwasslowincoming.Thus,when Casalslaideyesoncellomusicheneverknewexisted,itwasverymuchin keepingwiththestoryofBach.Forthosemusicianswhoknewofthem,the “CelloSuites”wereconsidereddry,technicalexercises,perhapsofsome educationalvalue,butnotfitfortheconcerthall.WhenCasalsstartedfiguring outthemusichehadfound,hedidn’thaveamodel.Hehadtoreinventit, becausetheoriginalmanuscripthadgonemissingandthefewcopiesthat surviveddifferedindetails.Westilldon’tknowwhatBachhadinmind fortempo,dynamics,bowingorstylesofplay.Thesheetmusic,asaresult, . isofgreateducationalvalue makescellistsfeelgratefulforBach comeswithpoeticlicenseattached keepsmusiciansfromstudyingBach 1 3 2 4 4 Whatisthemainideaofthepassage? TheearliestevidenceIcameacrossofCasalsperforminga“CelloSuite”was intheautumnof1901.HewasonajointconcerttourofSpainwiththeBritish pianistHaroldBauer.Butitwasnotuntilthe1930s—duringandshortlyafter theSpanishcivilwar—thatCasalsfinallyrecordedallsixsuites.Thatfirst-ever completerecordingofthemusicsoundsurgentanddesperateandhopefulin waysthatpeacetimemightnothaveproduced.Casalsrecordedthesecond andthirdsuitesatLondon’sAbbeyRoadstudiosin1936,attheverymoment thattheBattleofMadridwasragingandcivilianswerebeingbombarded. SuitesoneandsixwererecordedinParisin1938.Andfinally,suitesfourand fivewererecordedinJune1939,afterGeneralFrancohadwonthewar. ThefirstperformancebyCasals Somecharacteristicsofthefirstrecording ThesignificantroleplayedbyCasals Historicalbackgroundofthefirstrecording 1 3 2 4 062 Unit2|MusicandArt

25. 5 WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTfitinthepassage? Aprintisaworkofartmadeupofinkonpaperandexistinginmultiple examples.Itiscreatednotbydrawingonpaperwithapenorother instrument,butthroughanindirecttransferprocess.1Theartistbegins bydrawingacompositiononanothersurface.2Thetransferoccurswhen asheetofpaper,placedincontactwiththedrawnsurface,isrunthrougha printingpress.3Amongtheadvantagesofmakinganartworkinthiswayis thatnumerous“impressions”canbemade,sincenewpiecesofpapercanbe sentthroughthepressinthesameway.4Itistheprinttechniquethathas beenfavoredbyartistssincetheRenaissance,inlargepartbecauseoftheease withwhichacompositioncanberendered.Theartistdecideshowmanyto makeandthattotalnumberofimpressionsiscalledan“edition.”Theyarethen signedandnumberedbytheartist.Sincemorethanoneexampleexists,many peoplecanowntheseprints. 6 Whichisthebestplaceforthegivensentence? Afterremovingthegroundcoveringtheplate,inkis“beaten”intothe incisedlineswithatoolcalledadabber. Inetching,acidisusedto“bite”oretchanimageintoametalplate.To makeanetching,theartiststartswithametalplatethathasbeencoatedwith awaxysubstancecalleda“ground.”Next,theplateisimmersedinacid.(1) Sincethegroundcoveringtheplateprovidesprotection,theacidgoesonly intothedrawnlinesandeatsawaytheexposedmetal.(2)Etchingsareinked verydifferentlyfromotherprintingtechniques.(3)Thesurfaceoftheplate isthenwipedclean.(4)Dampenedpaperisplacedovertheplateandrun throughaprintingpress,whereheavypressureisneededtoforcethepaper intotheetchedlines.Inthisway,thepaper“picksup”ink.Characteristically, theprintedlinesofetchingsareslightlyraisedonthepaper. 063 CheckYourself

26. 7-8 Readthefollowingpassage,andanswerthequestions. Lithographyisbasedontheresistancebetweengreaseandwater.Theartist mustutilizegreasysubstancestocreateanimageonastoneorplate,surfaces thathaveaslighttexturetocatchandholdthecrayonmarkings.Whena lithographisreadytobeprinted,achemicalmixtureisappliedacrossthe compositioninordertosecurelybondthegreasydrawnimagetothesurface. Thestoneorplateisthendampenedwithwater,whichadheresonlytothe nongreasyareas.Witharoller,greasyprinter’sinkisappliedandsticksonlyto thegreasydrawnsection,withblankareasbeingprotectedbyafilmofwater. Paperisthenlaidonthestoneandrunthroughaprintingpresstotransferthe image. Forscreenprints,meshisstretchedtightlyacrossaframe.Animageisglued orotherwisemappedontothemeshtomaskoutcompositionalareas.This imagecanbecreatedfromavarietyofmaterials:cutpaper,ahardeningform ofglue,oraspecialgelatin.Unlikelithography,noprintingpressisrequired totransferthisimagefromscreentopaper.Rather,paperisplaceddirectly beneaththescreen,andatoolwithaflatrubberedge,calledasqueegee,is usedtopushinkthroughthemesh.Areasmaskedoutbycompositional shapesarenonporousand theink,readingaswhiteshapesafter printing.Whenmorethanonecolorisneeded,ashere,separatescreensare usedforeachcolor. Whichonebestfitsintheblank? 7 transfer construct obstruct transform 1 2 3 4 8 Whatisonemajordifferencebetweenlithographyandscreenprinting? Lithographyrequiresaprintingpresswhilescreenprintingdoesn’t. Lithographycanproduceasmanyprintsastheartistwantswhilescreenprintingcan’t. Lithographyisbasedontheresistancebetweenwaterandoilwhilescreenprintinguses oilonly. Inlithographyacompositionismadeonastoneoraplatewhileinscreenprintingitis madeonasqueegee. 1 2 3 4 064 Unit2|MusicandArt

27. SpeedReading3 Conversationwith MstislavRostropovich Rostropovich,afamous cellist,wasborninBaku, Azerbaijanin1927.Atthe ageoffourhestartedpiano lessonswithhismotherand shortlyafterwardsbegan Myfirstinstrumentwasthepiano,whichwas myfirstlove.Tothisday,whenIamlearninga newcellopiece,Ialwaysstartatthepiano.One ofmyfather’sfavoritegameswastohaveme playamelodyonthepianostartingonakeythat hechoseatrandom.Ibecamesoskillfulatthis thatatfourorfiveyearsofagehehadmedo itforfriends.MyparentsneverthoughtthatI mighthaveaspecialtalentforthecello. •Rostropovich tostudythecellowithhis AftermyfamilymovedtoMoscow,myfather father.HestudiedattheCentralMusicSchool inMoscowandthenwentontotheMoscow Conservatoire,whereinadditiontohiscelloand pianostudieshebegantoconduct.Hemadehis publicdebutasacellistin1942attheageof15 andwasimmediatelyrecognizedasapotentially greatartist.Whenin1945thewarended,his reputationsoonspreadoutsidetheUSSR, principallythroughhisrecordings,andwhen hebegantouringintheWestitsoonbecame apparentthatinRostropovichtheworldhada naturalsuccessortothegreatPabloCasals,who hadbeenthegreatestcellistformorethanhalfa century. TimJanof:Whenyouburstontothemusic scene,peoplewerestruckbyyourwhitehot performances.Yoursoundwasstrongandyour vibratowaswide,whichwasastrikingcontrast toyourpredecessors.Wheredidyourunique conceptofsoundcomefrom? MstislavRostropovich:Letmegiveyoualittle background.Myfamilylivedinatwo-room apartmentinBakuuntilIwassevenyearsold. Mymotherwasapianistandmyfatherwasa cellistwhohadworkedwithCasals.Thereisa pictureofmesleepinginsidemyfather’scello casewhenIwasfourmonthsold. playedinorchestrasthatperformedinsmall towns,suchasZaporozh’e.Hedidthisduring thesummermonthstomakesomeextramoney. Iremembergoingwithmygodmothertomy father’sopen-airconcertswhenIwasonlyseven oreightyearsold.I’dcrywhenIlistenedto Tchaikovskyorsomeothersentimentalmusic, andmygodmotherwouldgivemeapieceof chocolatetocalmmedown.Isoonlearnedthe tricktogettingchocolate. Itwasaroundthistimethatmyfathersaid hewantedtoteachmehowtoplaythecello.I toldhimthatIdidn’twanttobeacellistbecause Iwantedtobecomeaconductorinstead.He replied,“Firstyoumusttrythecello.Ifyouare successfulwiththecello,youcandowhatyou wantafterthat.” Mymind,evenatthatage,wasgearedtowards largescaleRomanticmusic,notcellomusic.My interesthasalwaysbeeninthelargescalemusic andthat’sthesoundI’vealwayshadinmyhead, notthesoundofcello.My“bigsound”concept onthecellothereforecamefrommydesirefor amoreorchestralscaleprojection.Idon’thear acellosoundwhenIplay,Ihearanorchestra.I nevertriedtocopyanothercellist’ssound. Myconceptofsoundalsocomesfrom 065 SpeedReading3|ConversationwithMstislavRostropovich

28. myexperienceofplayingworkswithmany composers,includingShostakovich,Prokofiev, Britten,Penderecki,andLutoslawski,tonamea few.Istudiedorchestrationforthreeyearswith ShostakovichandIwrotetwopianoconcerti. Iamthereforeverysensitivetothedifferent colorsofdifferentcomposersandIlearnedto varymysounddependingonwhosemusicIwas playing.Idon’tthinkofmyselfashavingonlya singlesound. Ithinksomecellistshavesoundsthatarebest withcertaintypesofmusic.MyfriendJanos Starker’ssoundisabsolutelyfantasticforsolo piecesliketheKodálySonataorothermore intimateworks,butIpreferadifferentsound whenIhearapieceliketheProkofievSinfonia Concertante.IbelievetheProkofievneedsto haveaverystrongandfullsound. TimJanof:Givenyourtechniquelikethis,you musthavepracticedalotwhenyouwereyoung. MstislavRostropovich:Iusuallypracticedat mosttwohoursperday.Myrecord hewasworkingonit,butIfirstlearnedthathe hadcompleteditfromthelocalnewspaper.I rememberwonderinganxiouslyifIwouldgetto seeit,sinceatthetimeIhadnoideaifIwould betheonetogiveitspremiere.Irushedover immediately,whenhecalledandhesaidthat ifIlikedithewoulddedicateittome.Iwasin heaven!Iwentstraighthomeandpracticedten hoursthatday,tenhoursthenextday,eight hoursthedayafterthat,andthensixhourson thefourthday.Ipracticedthathardonlybecause Iwassoexcitedaboutthepiece,andthatwasthe mostIpracticedinallofmy79yearsofplaying. AfterthefourthdayIplayeditforShostakovich frommemory.Thatwasoneoftheproudest momentsinmylife. IwasveryluckybecauseIdidn’tneedtopractice whenIwasyoung.Whilesomeperformershad topracticeeverydayinordertostayintopform, Ididn’t.Itwasasifmyfingershadamemory oftheirown.Theyneverforgotwhattheywere supposedtodo.954words wasoverafour-dayperiodafter Shostakovichgavemethescoreto hisfirstcelloconcerto.Iknewthat Self-check 1streading 2ndreading 3rdreading mins. mins. mins. Readtheabovepassage,andanswerthequestions. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 066 WhendidRostropovichmakehisfirstpublicdebutasacellist? HowwasRostropovich’ssounddifferentfromhispredecessors? WheredidRostropovich’s“bigsound”conceptcomefrom? WhatkindofmusicisJanosStarker’ssoundfantasticfor? WhatmusicdidRostropovichpracticethemostinhis79yearsofplaying? Unit2|MusicandArt

29. SpeedReading4 LeeU-fan Lookatthisimage.Whatyouseeinthis imageislessimportantthanwhatyoudon’tsee. Theseriesofmarkspaintedbytheartistare meanttocreateasenseofspaceoremptiness. LeeU-fanreferstothisasyohakuor“theart ofemptiness.”Theemptinessseekstoprovoke yourimaginationintocreatingyourownimage and,byextension,yourownreality.Theviewer isencouragedtoengagehisorherimagination todecidewhathappensinthisspaceandto transformthe“emptiness”intosomething withmeaning.LeeU-fan’spaintedmarksand gesturesactasaguidetowardsunderstanding howyourinnerself(yourmind)createsitsown realitythroughanencounterwiththeouter world.Thephotographoftheartistatwork (below)demonstrateshowLeeU-fanforces himselftolimithismarkmakingtosimpleand directgestures. LeeU-fanwasborninSeoulin1936andhas livedinJapansince1956.Heisapainterand sculptorwhoseartpracticeisstronglyinfluenced bythestudyofcomparativephilosophy.The artist’sphilosophicalperspectiveledhimto becomeafoundingmemberoftheimportant Mono-ha(“schoolofthings”)movement. Mono-hawasformedinresponsetowhat wasperceivedasuncontrolledconsumerism emerginginJapanasitrapidlymodernizedafter WorldWarⅡMono-haisLeeU-fan’sdeliberate rejectionofthisconsumer-basedmaterialism. Someoftheelementsinhisworksarewater, stones,piecesofmetalandsky.InhisworkLee U-fanexploresthecharacterofthebrushstroke asawaytodrawattentiontowhatisabsentas muchastowhatispresent.HisinterestinZen philosophy,inparticular,supportsthereflective andconcentratednatureofhiswork. . •WithWindsbyLeeU-fan •LeeU-fanatwork 067 SpeedReading4|LeeU-fan

30. WhileLeeU-fan’sartisclearlylinkedtothe Mono-hamovement,itcanalsobeviewedinthe contextofKoreanminimalistpainting,especially hislaterwork.Thisstyleofartrelatestothe actionofthebrushasitisappliedintraditional calligraphy.Calligraphyviewstheactofpainting asaformofmeditation.LeeU-fan’sworkis stronglylinkedtohisspiritualandphilosophical ideas,whichincludeZenBuddhism,Daoism andWesternphilosophy.Hisworksvaluetime andspace.InZenterms,thisspaceisthespace fordreaming. LeeU-fan’sprocessofpaintingisanimportant partofhisart-making.Helaysthecanvasonthe flooranduseshisentirebody. Hebelievesthatpaintingusingthebodyallows himtoconsolidateideas,techniqueandspirituality. Heaimstocreateaworkthatencouragesinner conversationsratherthancreatingsomethingthat ispurelydecorative.439words Self-check 1streading 2ndreading 3rdreading mins. mins. mins. •LeeU-fanwithhispaintings Readtheabovepassage,andanswerthequestions. WhydoesLeeU-fantrytocreate“emptiness”inhispaintings? WhatstronglyinfluencedLeeU-fan’sartpractice? InresponsetowhatwastheMono-hamovementformed? WhatparticularlysupportstheextremelyreflectiveandconcentratednatureofLeeU-fan’swork? WhydoesLeeU-fanusethewholebodywhenpainting? Unit2|MusicandArt Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 068

31. CrosswordPuzzle1 Completethecrosswordpuzzle. 23.Practiceregularlytobringyourinner peace. 24.thrustorthrowinto 25.thementalattitudethatsomethingisbelievable andshouldbeacceptedastrue Down 2.foundintheordinarycourseof events Across 1.areligiousdoctrinethatisproclaimedastrue withoutproof 4.TwoKoreanMarinesandtwoswere killed. 5.thestudyandclassificationofhumansocieties 7.concernedwithsacredmattersorreligionor thechurch 9.The52basicgoodsandservices,alsocalled a basket,isasampleofthemost 3.callforth commonitemspeoplebuy. 6.Nutritionalsoplaysa roleinheight. 11.togivesupportormaintainloyalty 12.instinctiveknowing 16.devoidofintelligence 17.likeacompanion 8.aqualitativechange 10.thecraftofcomposingtypeandprintingfromit 13.closeorwarmfriendship 14.apersonwhoseldomgoesanywhere 20.Ifeelaslightasafeatherina -free 15.Andongisan citywithalotoftourist state! 21.toattackespeciallywithartilleryorbombers destinations. 18.havingorinvolvingorconsistingofmorethan 22.Judyisa yetintensewomanwith onepartorentityorindividual largeblackeyes. 19.Parisisavery andromanticcity. 069 CrosswordPuzzle1

32. WordSearch1 Findeachpinkwordfromthelistandcircleit.Wordsmaybewrittenbackwards,forwards,upordown. WordList fromchildhoodtoadulthood assertiveroleforthenation attractaudiences commencementspeech theglobalizedphenomenonofconsumerism keywordincontext comparisonandcontrast practicaldecisionmaking 8waystoencourageinnovation aviciousentrepreneur farewellmessage goosebumps heftyproperty indelibleimpression, twoinevitableoccurrences musicalinstrument minimaldamage amysteriousperson aflexiblenonporouspouch originalequipmentmanufacturing standingovation atraveler'sperspective customerpreference choraleprelude significantfigures 070 WordSearch1