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Chapter 1 Introduction to Transport Planning

Chapter 1 Introduction to Transport Planning. 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Roads and Civilization. 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Roads and Civilization. The wheel was invented in 5000 BC years. This made necessary the construction of special hard surfaces of roads.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Transport Planning

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  1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Transport Planning • 1.1 Background • 1.1.1 Roads and Civilization • 1.1 Background • 1.1.1 Roads and Civilization • The wheel was invented in 5000 BC years. • This made necessary the construction of special hard surfaces of roads. • Ancient roads were built to suit the old mode of transportation (horses, donkeys and carts). Motor vehicles used these roads and in many cases they were not very suitable. • Roads improve communication and hence civilisation. • The prosperity of a nation is bound up with the state of its roads.

  2. 1.1 Background • Paving material: 1. Granite paving stones ... not comfortable and very noisy The first road was built before 4000 BC • From Stone • In Iraq 2. Wood paving ... not very successful • After stone roads • In England 3. Gravel (3 layers) Fine Gravel and Sand • In England Excavation Stones • 1800s Large Stones 3. Bituminous surfacing ... solved the problem • The first one was in Paris in 1824 • Then after that the new asphalt type in New York in 1872 • However, solving the problem increased the number of motor vehicles and hence increased the effect on noise, pollution, visual intrusion and community severance.

  3. 1.1 Background • History of Car • In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. • Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle, • Speed (2.5 mile/h about 4 Km/h) • The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam power.

  4. 1.1 Background • History of Car (continued) • In 1771, Cugnot drove one of his road vehicles into a stone wall, making Cugnot the first person to get into a motor vehicle accident. • This was the beginning of bad luck for the inventor. • After one of Cugnot's patrons died and the other was injured, the money for Cugnot's road vehicle experiments ended. • Between 1832 and 1839 Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first electric car. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small electric motor. • The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for recharging

  5. 1.1 Background • History of Car (continued) • Around 1885s, the Early Gasoline-Powered Cars was invented which was better than the electric and steam engine cars

  6. 1.1 Background • Main modes of transportation systems: • 1. Motor vehicles • 2. Rail roads • 3. Air transport • 4. Water transport • 5. Pipelines; (oil & gas) Each student is asked to prepare a short presentation on a selected topic such as: • 1. The History of railroads and trains • The History of air Transport (Planes) • The History of water Transport • Effect of motor vehicle on trip patterns • Traffic Noise • Any other related topic…

  7. 1.1 Background 1.1.2 Definition of Traffic Engineering It is that part of engineering which deals with traffic planning and design of roads, of frontage development and of parking facilities and with the control of traffic to provide safe, convenient and economic movement of vehicles and pedestrians. 1.1.3 History of Car • In Britain, the speed limit before 1896 was 4mph (6.5 Km/h) in open country and 2mph (3.2 Km/h) in a populous area. • Each vehicle had to be preceded by a man carrying a red flag. • In 1896 a new law allowed vehicles to travel up to 14mph (22.5 km/h). • Motor vehicles had little effect upon mass movement or town development for some time. • -Motor vehicles were mostly enjoyed by the wealthy.

  8. 1.1 Background 1.1.4 Growth of the number of motor vehicles In Britain

  9. 1.1 Background 1.1.4 Growth of the number of motor vehicles In Palestine In 1997 there was 1 car for every 21 people in Gaza Strip. Based on a population of 963,026. In 2004 there was 1 car for every 25 people in Gaza Strip. Based on a population of 1337236.

  10. 1.1 Background 1.1.4 Growth of the number of motor vehicles In Palestine

  11. 1.2 Highway and Traffic Planning Transport in general and particularly highway transport plays an essential role in the life of any community today. Good highway transport facilities are the result of sound planning. Transport planning and land use planning must not be isolated, they affect each other. Journey Types • The journey-to-work trip It is of critical interest to the highway planner and designer because it creates peak period travel demands • Non-journey-to-work trips Such as social visits, holidays, recreational. It is done mostly by car

  12. 1.2 Highway and Traffic Planning General Modes of Highway Transportation: • private car • bus • bicycle • motor cycle • walking CarWalkingBus used mostly for very local journeys for those without a car Public Transport Buses, trains and taxis

  13. 1.2 Highway and Traffic Planning Why do people prefer not to use public transportation? • distance from bus stops • long waits at bus stops • changing buses • long journey time • inconvenience on bus Cycling as a transport mode • In recent years, there has been considerable renewed interest in cycling as a transport mode. This is possibly related to: • environmental • health • and recreational desires • It may also be related to the higher cost of petrol. The highway and traffic engineer is now expected to take cycling into account in decisions related to the planning, design and management of many transport facilities.

  14. 1.2 Highway and Traffic Planning Special needs of elderly and disabled people The special needs of the handicapped are not always taken into account by transport planners. 1. Ramps about 5% and <8% and no longer than 10m (like the one lies in front of administrative building) 2. Steps (with the associated handrail, which should be provided with both sides)

  15. 1.2 Highway and Traffic Planning Special needs of elderly and disabled people (continue) 3.Street furniture ( like seats should not opposing the pedestrian movement along footways; its colour should contrast with surrounding objects)

  16. 1.2 Highway and Traffic Planning Special needs of elderly and disabled people (continue) 4.Information needs (like directional information to reach destination) 5.Walking surface quality ( footways and pedestrian areas)

  17. 1.3 Environmental Assessments Concern has been expressed at various times in history at the detrimental environmental impacts associated with the development of highways. Effects of transport on the environment: • Air quality (CO, NO2, HC, Pb, SPM...) • Traffic noise and vibration • Cultural heritage التراث الثقافي مثل المناطق الأثرية • Disruption due to constructionتشويش لحياة الناس أثناء المشروع • Ecology( البيئة ) and nature conservation (Wildlife) • Landscape effects الطبيعةجمال • Community effects • Vehicle travelers (View from driver; speed, layout, geometry • Water quality and drainage • Geology and soil considerations (تأكل التربة و انجرافها )

  18. 1.4 Urban Road Systems There are 3 principal types of road pattern in urban areas.

  19. Gridiron 1.4 Urban Road Systems Advantages: 1. Easier for surveyors to set out, using straight lines and rectangular co-ordinates. 2. It encourages an equal spread of traffic over the grid, therefore, the impact at particular location is reduced. 3. It facilitates the implementation of one-way street systems. 4. If there is a central business area in the middle of the grid, it is easy for through traffic to bypass it. Disadvantages: 1. Extra distances must be travelled when going in a diagonal direction. 2. Providing a diagonal route has an unfortunate effect on the buildings producing acute angles. Adopted extensively in the USA

  20. Omar Elmokhtar 1.4 Urban Road Systems It is also used in Gaza Part Of Gaza

  21. 1.4 Urban Road Systems This type of urban road pattern developed as a result of local topographic difficulties. (Alongside a valley) Advantages: Main traffic flow is canalised into one major roadway. Disadvantages: The major roadway serves as a route both to the completely internal traffic and for the internal-external traffic as well as for external-internal and through traffic... This leads to congestion and the major roadway becomes overloaded. Linear

  22. 1.4 Urban Road Systems Part Of Nabuls

  23. 1.4 Urban Road Systems • Mainly in old cities. • A network of roads connecting town centre to town centre. Thus any given town had several roads radiating from its centre to other towns and villages around it. Advantages: Providing a direct access to the town centre. Disadvantages: 1. Concentration of traffic generators within the central area 2. Radial roads converging on the main sources of attraction 3. Lack of suitable bypass routes for through traffic. Radial In order to minimise these disadvantages, ring roads are used. The ring road is a highway that is roughly circular about the centre of an urban area, and which permits traffic to avoid the centre of this area. In practice, there are 3 forms of ring roads: 1. an inner ring road 2. an outer ring road 3. intermediate ring roads

  24. 1.4 Urban Road Systems Part Of London

  25. 1.5 Highway system classification Roads are classified by function, rural and urban are slightly different: In the USA Rural roads are classified as follows: Arterial roads Principal - interstate, Minor Collectors: Major Minor Local roads • Since the cities and larger towns generate and attract a large proportion of the relatively longer trips, the arterial highways generally provide direct service for such travel. • The intermediate functional category, the collectors, serves small towns directly, connects them to the arterial network, and collects traffic from the bottom-level system of local roads, which serves individual farms and other rural land uses. Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/fcsec2_1.htm

  26. 1.5 Highway system classification In the USA (continue) Urban roads are classified as follows: Arterials: Principal Minor Collector streets Local streets • the same basic concepts apply in urban areas as well. A similar hierarchy of systems can be defined; • however, because of the high intensity of land use and travel throughout an urban area, specific travel generation centers are more difficult to identify. • In urban areas additional considerations, such as spacing, become more important in defining a logical and efficient network. A schematic illustration of a functionally classified urban street network is shown in Figure II-3. Source: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/fcsec2_1.htm

  27. 1.5 Highway system classification In Britain In rural areas: • Motorways: dual carriageway with 3 or more lanes in each direction. The speed limit is 70mph (110 km/h). They connect between major cities (Inter-city). • A- Roads: dual or single carriageway with 2 lanes in each direction. Speed limit is between 60 and 70 mph (95 - 110 km/h). • B-Roads: single carriageway with one lane in each direction. Speed limit is between 50 and 60 mph (80 - 95 km/h).

  28. 1.5 Highway system classification In Great Britain (continue) • In urban areas: • Primary distributors: They serve the town as a whole. They form the primary network for the urban area as a whole, and all longer- distance traffic movements are canalized onto them. • District distributors: They serve large areas within the town. They feed traffic from the primary road network to local areas. • Local distributors: They go through local areas and provide the link between district distributors and access roads. • Access streets: They give direct access to buildings and land.

  29. 1.5 Highway system classification In Gaza (Palestine): Main Road Serves for national or inters district traffic Regional road Branching off from, or lining, main roads Access Road Leading from a main or regional road to a certain point within a locality

  30. 1.6 Highway Revenue (Finance) Roads cost a lot of money to construct and maintain. How to raise this money? Is it fair? 1. Payments by the General Public • It is raised in the form of grants from the central government. • This is used to cover the costs of highways that are in the national or general interest. Such as, rural roads (motorways) and some main urban roads • Money would come from non-motor vehicle taxation sources.

  31. 1.6 Highway Revenue (Finance) • 2. Payments by property owners / occupiers • For roads that directly provide access to houses and land • Roads which provide internal communication within the local community, e.g. the streets of a town or a local district. • 3. Payments by motorists • It is generally accepted that motorists should contribute in financing road building and maintenance. • But how much should they pay towards the construction and upkeep of roads? • And how should this money be allocated amongst the various users of the highways? • - private cars; buses; commercial; vehicles; taxis.

  32. 1.6 Highway Revenue (Finance) Concepts of highway costs allocation between different classes of road users • 1. Differential-cost concept • The first costing is made assuming the users are only cars, then all vehicles. (all vehicles should pay) • The additional costs needed to adapt the structural and geometrical requirements for heavy vehicles. (only heavy vehicles should pay) 2. Mass-distance concept Cost to be related to the: mass of vehicles, and the distance they travel. 3. Operating-cost concept Payments are related to the operating cost of different vehicles 4. Differential-benefits concept Payments in direct proportion to the benefits and savings incurred by each class of vehicles. 5. Area-occupied concept Payments on the basis of the carriageway space occupied by the different classes of vehicles.

  33. 1.6 Highway Revenue (Finance) Income and Transport The transport planner should make an estimate of how the likelihood of having a car may vary with household income.

  34. 1.6 Highway Revenue (Finance) People spend a lot of money on transportation (travel): In the UK in 1983, the sum of 50,475million pounds were spent on inland transport. 96% of which was spent on road transport. In Gaza strip people spend no less than $300million on transportation, in 1977. The PCBS stated that in 2007 the Palestinian family spent about JD 62 per month on transportation and communication.

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