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Chapter 1 Biology in the 21 st Century

Chapter 1 Biology in the 21 st Century. Section 1: The Study of Life. Objectives: Define and give examples of Earth’s biodiversity Summarize the characteristics that all living things share. KEY CONCEPT Biology is the study of all forms of life. biosphere = everywhere life exists.

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Chapter 1 Biology in the 21 st Century

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  1. Chapter 1 Biology in the 21st Century

  2. Section 1: The Study of Life • Objectives: • Define and give examples of Earth’s biodiversity • Summarize the characteristics that all living things share.

  3. KEY CONCEPT Biology is the study of all forms of life.

  4. biosphere = everywhere life exists Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. • The biosphere includes all living things and all the places they are found.

  5. Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life. • Every part of the biosphere is connected with every other part. • The biosphere includes many environments. • land environments

  6. Tidepool Estuary • saltwater and freshwater environments • The biosphere includes many environments. • portions of the atmosphere

  7. Biodiversity is the variety of life. • Biodiversity generally increases from the poles to the equator. • Biodiversity is greater in areas with consistently warm temperatures. Biodiversity is greater closer to the equator.

  8. A species is one particular type of living thing. • Members of a species can interbreed to reproduce. • There are about 2 million different living species have been identified.

  9. All organisms share certain characteristics. • Biology is the scientific study of all forms of life.

  10. All are made of one or more cells. • An organism is any individual living thing.

  11. An organism is any individual living thing. • All are made of one or more cells. • All need energy for metabolism. • All respond to their environment. • All have DNA that they pass on to offspring.

  12. KEY CONCEPTUnifying themes connect concepts from many fields of biology.

  13. Section 2: Unifying Themes of Biology • Objectives: • Summarize the four major unifying themes of biology • Give an example of each of the themes of biology

  14. All levels of life have systems of related parts. • A system is an organized group of interacting parts. • A cell is a system of chemicals and processes. • A body system includes organs that interact. • An ecosystem includes living and nonliving things that interact.

  15. Biologists study many different systems.

  16. Structure and function are related in biology. • Structure determines function. • Proteins with different structures perform different functions. • Heart muscle cells have a different structure and function than stomach muscle cells. • Different species have different anatomical structures with different functions.

  17. Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. • Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions.

  18. Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions. • Homeostasis is usually maintained through negative feedback. • Negative feedback systems return a condition to its normal (set) point.

  19. Behaviors and adaptations can help maintain homeostasis.

  20. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. • Evolution is the change in living things over time. • The genetic makeup of a population of a species changes. • Evolution can occur through natural selection of adaptations. • Adaptations are beneficial inherited traits that are passed to future generations.

  21. Evolution accounts for both the diversity and the unity of life.

  22. KEY CONCEPTScience is a way of thinking, questioning, and gathering evidence.

  23. Section 3: Scientific Thinking and Processes • Objectives: • Identify the different elements of scientific inquiry. • Differentiate between theories and hypothesis.

  24. Like all science, biology is a process of inquiry. • Scientists make careful and systematic observations. • Scientists record observations as data. • Scientists form a hypothesis as a possible answer to a     question. • Scientists test their hypotheses and analyze their data.

  25. Biologists use experiments to test hypotheses. • Observational studies allow scientists to describe a phenomenon.

  26. Experimentals allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon.

  27. Experimental studies allow scientists to determine what causes a phenomenon. • Independent variables are manipulated. • Dependent variables are observed and measured. • Constants are conditions that are kept the same. Scientific Method Video

  28. A theory explains a wide range of observations. • Theories explain a wide range of observations and experimental results. • A theory is supported by a wide range of scientific evidence. • Theories can change based on new evidence.

  29. Your task for today?Solve the Coyote/sheep problem! • You are a sheep farmer of 100,000 sheep • Observation: Sheep are being killed by animals • Problem: Coyotes are killing your sheep • Question: How do I prevent coyotes from killing my sheep without disrupting the balance of nature? • You are poor and don’t have much money • $100 maximum expenditures

  30. Your task for today?Solve the Coyote/sheep problem! • Form a small group • On a piece of paper, identify the following: • Problem • Question • Hypothesis: Use a “If, then” statement • Controlled experiment design, including: • Control Group • Experimental Group • Independent variable • Dependent variable • REMEMBER: YOU CANNOT DISRUPT THE BALANCE OF NATURE AND YOU DO NOT HAVE MUCH MONEY. THE FOLLOWING IDEAS WILL NOT WORK: • Fence • Killing the coyotes • Hiring a sheppard • Etc.

  31. KEY CONCEPTTechnology continually changes the way biologists work.

  32. Section 4: Biologists’ Tools and Technology • Objectives: • Describe the usefulness of modern imaging technologies. • Explain the usefulness of computer models in studying biological systems. • Summarize how modern computer-based technologies have advanced the study of genetics.

  33. stoma Imaging technologies provide new views of life. • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. • light microscopes (LM)

  34. stoma Imaging technologies provide new views of life. • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. • light microscopes (LM) • scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

  35. stoma Imaging technologies provide new views of life. • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. • transmission electron microscopes (TEM) • light microscopes (LM) • scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

  36. Imaging technology is used in medicine. • X-ray images

  37. Imaging technology is used in medicine. • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • X-ray images

  38. Imaging technology is used in medicine. • functional MRI (fMRI) • X-ray images • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

  39. Complex systems are modeled on computers. Normal heartbeat • Computer models are used to study systems that cannot be studied directly. • heart attacks • effect of medicines on the human body • movement of water molecules into and out of a cell • spread of a disease through a population Heart attack • Computer models are used when experiments are not safe, ethical, or practical.

  40. The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies. • A gene is a segment of DNA that stores genetic information.

  41. Through our understanding of DNA, we can study genetics on a molecular level. • molecular genetics • genomics

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