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New AP Chemistry Cirriculum

New AP Chemistry Cirriculum. What’s In What’s Out. The 6 Big Ideas. Atomic Structure Bonding and Properties Reactions (including Electrochemistry) Kinetics Thermodynamics Chemical Equilibrium. Big Idea 1 Atomic Structure.

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New AP Chemistry Cirriculum

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  1. New AP Chemistry Cirriculum What’s In What’s Out

  2. The 6 Big Ideas • Atomic Structure • Bonding and Properties • Reactions (including Electrochemistry) • Kinetics • Thermodynamics • Chemical Equilibrium

  3. Big Idea 1Atomic Structure • The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions • Includes atomic theory, mole-mass calculations, electronic configuration, periodicity • Lab-wise: gravimetric analysis, titrations, Beer’s law

  4. Big Idea 1 (Cont.)Atomic Structure Exclusions: • Memorization of exceptions to Aufbau principle, i.e., Cr and Cu, Mo and Ag • Assignment of quantum numbers to electrons

  5. What’s Out: Content • Quantum Numbers

  6. Big Idea 1 (Cont.)Atomic Structure New or emphasized: • LO 1.5, 1.6, 1.7: Photoelectron Spectroscopy • LO 1.7, 1.8: Coulomb’s Law – attractive force due to opposite charges vs distance • LO 1.13: Refining models • LO 1.14: Mass spectrometry for isotopes • LO 1.15: Vibration (IR) vs Electronic transition (UV-Vis)

  7. Big Idea 2Bonding and Properties • Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them • Includes solids, liquids, gases, solutions, inter-particulate forces, electronegativity, Lewis structures, VSEPR theory, bonding, properties • Lab-wise: LO 2.7, 2.10: separation techniques especially chromatography and distillation; and LO 2.22: type of bonding

  8. Big Idea 2 (Cont.)Bonding and Properties Exclusions: • Phase Diagram (prior knowledge) • Colligative properties (prior knowledge) • Molality, percent by mass and by volume (prior knowledge) • Weaker H-bonding with H not bonded to N, O, or F • Specific types of crystal structures, e.g. ABC, ABA, etc.

  9. Big Idea 2 (Cont.)Bonding and Properties Exclusions (Cont.): • The use of formal charge to explain exception to octet rule – but the use of formal charge calculation is still in • Learning how to defend the Lewis model, e.g. with odd number of electrons • Hybridization beyond sp3 • Filling molecular orbital diagrams • Specific varieties of crystal lattices for ionic compound

  10. What’s Out: Content • Hybridization beyond sp, sp2, and sp3

  11. What’s Out: Content • Phase Diagram

  12. Big Idea 2 (Cont.)Bonding and Properties New or emphasized: • LO 2.19, 2.21, 2.26: Macroscopic properties such as viscosity, surface tension, capillary action, vapor pressure, boiling point, volumes of mixing for liquids, hardness • LO 2.14: Coulombic forces as IMFs in biological systems and in hydrogen PE vs. nuclear distance • LO 2.25, 2.26: Alloys • LO 2.30: Semi-conductors using Si

  13. Big Idea 3Chemical Reactions • Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons • Equation writing, stoichiometric calculations, Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, oxidation numbers, redox reactions, energies involved, electrochemistry • Lab-wise: LO 3.5, 3.6: synthesis and decomposition reactions; LO 3.9: redox reactions; acid-base reactions

  14. Big Idea 3 (Cont.)Chemical Reactions Exclusions: • Lewis acid-base concepts (prior knowledge) but complex ions and related solubility are included • Language of reducing agent and oxidizing agent • Labeling an electrode as positive or negative • Calculations using the Nernst equation is excluded but qualitative reasoning about effects of concentration on cell potential is in

  15. What’s Out: Content • Lewis definition of acids and bases Also no more 5 choice multiple choice, only 4 choices!

  16. Big Idea 3 (Cont.)Chemical Reactions New or emphasized: • LO 3.1: Pictorial representation at the particulate level • LO 3.10: Classify physical change, chemical change, or ambiguous change based on macroscopic observation and microscopic theory regarding bonding and interactions of particles • LO 3.11: Graphical depiction of energy diagrams

  17. Big Idea 4Kinetics • Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions • Includes factors affecting reaction rates, rate laws (both differential and integrated), collision theory, reaction mechanism, catalysis • Lab-wise: LO 4.1: Exploration of factors affecting rate of reaction; Beer’s Law

  18. Big Idea 4 (Cont.)Kinetics Exclusions: • Arrhenius equation in calculations is out, but conceptual aspects of the equation and graphical interpretation are still in • Collection of data pertaining to experimental detection of a reaction intermediate

  19. Big Idea 4 (Cont.)Kinetics New or emphasized: • LO 4.7, 4.8: Catalysts function either by lowering activation energy and keeping the same mechanism, or by altering the mechanism by forming an intermediate • LO 4.9: Catalysis includes Acid-base catalysis, surface catalysis, enzyme catalysis

  20. Big Idea 5Thermodynamics • The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter • Includes kinetic theory, specific heat, heating curve, calorimetry and enthalpy changes, intermolecular forces, entropy, Gibb’s free energy, relation between ΔG and K • Lab-wise: LO 5.7: calorimetry

  21. Big Idea 5 (Cont.)Thermodynamics Exclusions: • None New or emphasized: • LO 5.1 Create or use graphical representations to connect the dependence of potential energy to distance between atoms, and factors such as bond order and polarity that influence the interaction strength • LO 5.2: Drawing of arrows to indicate particle velocities to relate temperature and motion

  22. Big Idea 5 (Cont.)Thermodynamics New or emphasized (Cont.): • LO 5.3: Heat transfer to establish equilibrium • LO 5.6: Heat and PV work in gas expansion and contraction • LO 5.9, 5.10, 5.11: IMF in small and large molecules, polymers, enzymes, biological molecules • LO 5.13, 5.14: The phrase “thermodynamically favored” in place of “spontaneous”

  23. Big Idea 5 (Cont.)Thermodynamics New or emphasized (Cont.): • LO 5.15, 5.16, 5.17: External energy source or coupling to make non-TF reactions occur, e.g. electrochemistry, light requirement in photosynthesis, ionization

  24. Big Idea 6Chemical Equilibrium • Any bond or intermolecular attraction that can be formed can be broken. These two processes are in a dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external perturbations • Includes equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle, acid-base equilibria, pH, pOH, Kw, Ka, Kb, titration, buffers, Ksp, ΔG and K • Lab-wise: LO 6.13: acid-base titration; LO 6.18: preparing a buffer

  25. Big Idea 6 (Cont.)Chemical Equilibrium Exclusions: • Numerical computation of concentrations of species in titration of polyprotic acids • Computing the change in pH resulting from addition of acid or base to a buffer • Production (derivation) of Henderson-Hasselbalch equation from equilibrium constant expression

  26. Big Idea 6 (Cont.)Chemical Equilibrium Exclusions (Cont.): • Memorization of solubility rules beyond Na, K, NH4, and nitrates salts • Calculating solubility of salts as a function of pH • Calculating solubility of salts in pH-sensitive solutions

  27. Big Idea 6 (Cont.)Chemical Equilibrium New or emphasized: • LO 6.11 Generate or use a particulate representation of an acid (strong, weak, polyprotic) and a strong base to explain the major species at equilibrium • LO 6.24 Analyze the enthalpic and entropic changes during dissolution of a salt, using particulate level interactions and representations • LO 6.25: “Exergonic/endergonic”distinction in biological systems involving relationship of K and ΔG

  28. Additional Content Deletion • Organic Chemistry Nomenclature • Nuclear Chemistry • Complex Ion / Coordination Chemistry

  29. Science Practices • 7 Science Practices, p.185-189 • Enable students to establish lines of evidence and to develop and refine testable explanations and predictions • Require students to think and conduct scientific investigations like working scientists

  30. Science PracticesThe Student Can … • SP1: Use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems • SP2: Use mathematics appropriately • SP3: Engage in scientific questioning to extend thinking or to guide investigations • SP4: Plan and implement data collection strategies for a scientific question

  31. Science PracticesThe Student Can … • SP5: Perform data analysis and evaluation of evidence • SP6: Work with scientific explanation and theories • SP7: Connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts, and representations in and across domains

  32. Activity: Science Practices • Example on Handbook p.7 • Answer questions on p.8 in your group

  33. Science Practices Not Emphasized in Textbooks • 1.3: The student can refine representations and models of natural or man-made phenomena and systems in the domain • 1.4:The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively • 2.1:The student can justify the selection of a mathematical routine to solve problems • 3.1-3.3:The student can pose, refine, and evaluate scientific questions

  34. Science Practices Not Emphasized in Textbooks • 4.1:The student can justify the selection of the kind of data needed to answer a particular scientific question • 4.2:The student can design a plan for collecting data to answer a particular scientific question • 5.3:The student can evaluate the evidence provided by data sets in relation to a particular scientific question • 6.5:The student can evaluate alternative scientific explanations • 7.1:The student can connect phenomena and models across spatial and temporal scales

  35. What’s Out: Content • Nuclear reactions • Flame Colors

  36. What’s Out: Content • Memorization of Conclusions

  37. What’s Out: Question Type

  38. What’s Out: Question Type

  39. What’s Out: Content & Question Type Correct statements about alpha particles include which of the following? I. They have a mass number of 4 and a charge of +2. II. They are more penetrating than beta particles. III. They are helium nuclei. (A) I only (B) III only (C)I and II (D) I and III (E) II and III

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