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Chapter 2 Wright Brothers (1896-1914)

Chapter 2 Wright Brothers (1896-1914). Section A – Heavier Than Air Section B – Wright Bros. Section C – Wright Patent Section D – Wright Airplanes. Section A Heavier Than Air.

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Chapter 2 Wright Brothers (1896-1914)

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  1. Chapter 2Wright Brothers (1896-1914) Section A – Heavier Than Air Section B – Wright Bros. Section C – Wright Patent Section D – Wright Airplanes

  2. Section AHeavier Than Air Two technologies that influenced aviation were much older than their aeronautical application: the kite, and the windmill.

  3. The Kite and The Windmill Kite • Invented by the Chinese • Can be seen as a primitive airplane, or Wings Windmill • Invented by the Romans • Form that influenced aviation appeared in 12th century Europe • Can be seen as a propeller, or “airscrew”

  4. Sir George Cayley Englishman who first conceived the modern airplane design, 1804. • His model glider had… • A paper kite for wings • An empennage, or tail assembly • Rudder and Elevator • A pole that connected all parts, a fuselage • He shifted the Center of Gravity for control • Cayley built gliders that was able to carry people

  5. Henson and Stringfellow William Henson and John Stringfellow worked on several aviation projected together from 1835 to 1847. • Built and flew a model glider known as a monoplane. • Unique about with wings were that they were cambered, or curved.

  6. Other Innovations • Felix du Temple • French naval officer • Built a glider with powerplant consisting of a tractor propeller. • Tractor – prop on front, pulls aircraft • Pusher – prop on back, pushes aircraft

  7. Otto Lilienthal German Engineer who published an important book on bird flight. • Came up with the bat-wing design • Built glider where control was achieved by the pilot shifting his weight • Died in a glider crash, last words were… “Sacrifices must be made.”

  8. Octave Chanute Began building man-carrying gliders in 1896 • Improved Lilienthal’s design be scraping the “Bat-Wing”…thank God!! • Also used a Cayley-type tail unit. • Wrote a book on the history on Progress in Flying Machines

  9. Nineteenth-Century Aeronautics Cayley, Henson, Stringfellow, Lilienthal, and Chanute were influential in the development of heavier-than-air aviation. Another was Alphonse Penaud • Planophore – rubber band power • Dihedral – upward angle of the wing

  10. End of Section A

  11. Section BWright Brothers

  12. Wright Bros. • Lived in Dayton, Ohio • Handcrafted bicycle makers • Death of Lilienthal sparked Wilbur’s interest in aviation, later spread to Orville • Constructed first biplane kite, August 1899 • Kite had aeronautical controls • Fixed horizontal rear stabilizer • Wings could move back and forth to adjust CG • Cords allowed with wings to be warped for lateral stability, “Wing-Warping”

  13. The Problem of Mechanical Flight The Wrights recognized the whole problem of mechanical flight. Plane and pilot, stability and maneuverability • Stability- tendency to return to equilibrium • Maneuverability – ability to turn, climb, descend, roll, and yaw

  14. The Problem of Mechanical Flight • A Plane too stable is hard to maneuver • Unmanned gliders need to be stable, but manned gliders need to be control • Many glider pilots had to be athletically fit As a result, the Wrights intended to built an unstable airplane so the pilot could control and maneuver the aircraft.

  15. Gliders • Wrights’ first full-size glider built in 1900 • Unstable, required a pilot to fly • “Wing Warping” • The winds in Dayton were too mild for the bros. • The moved to Kitty Hawk, NC • Known for strong steady winds

  16. Gliders While most problems faced by the bros. were fixed, they didn’t know about one. Adverse Yaw – Tendency for an aircraft to yaw in the opposite direction to a turn The solution was the rudder!!

  17. Control • The bros. made almost a thousand glides at Kitty Hawk • They had “wing-warping for turns • A Rudder for Adverse Yaw • Now they added a Canard, French for Duck, for pitch They have solved the problem of control.

  18. Engine The next issue was an engine. • Engine • 200 lb, 4 cylinder, 12-hp gasoline engine • Water cooled • More reliable than air cooled • The Bros. went with reliability over lightness • Propellers • Counter-rotating, to counter torque • Driven by same engine

  19. Airplane Flight • First flight scheduled on Dec 14, 1903 • Wilbur climbed too steeply and crash • Airplane was repaired • DECEMBER 17, 1903 • Orville made the first manned, powered, controlled, sustained flight ever! • Three more flights followed • Flight ended on ground at or higher than starting point.

  20. End of Section A & B

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