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Environmetal problems related to manure management Greenhouse gas emission from manure stores

Environmetal problems related to manure management Greenhouse gas emission from manure stores. Global growth in livestock production Increase focus on animal manure production and protection of environment Growth in cattle production per capita, FAO stat. Trends in agricultural production.

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Environmetal problems related to manure management Greenhouse gas emission from manure stores

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  1. Environmetal problems related to manure managementGreenhouse gas emission from manure stores

  2. Global growth in livestock production Increase focus on animal manure production and protection of environment Growth in cattle production per capita, FAO stat Trends in agricultural production

  3. Livestock barns From farm to industry

  4. Livestock production - A sources of pollution • Ammonia • Greenhouse gases • Odour Animal house • Ammonia • Greenhouse gases • Odour Stored solid manure Stored liquid manure Spreading in field Uptake in crop Erosion Phosphorous Nitrate leaching Euthrophication Micro-nutrients, heavy metals (Cu, Zn…)

  5. Agriculture is a major sources of plant nutrients to the ocean

  6. Environmental issues related to agricultural production groundwater pollution • Agriculture is the only source to Nitrate in groundwater • Groundwater is used as drinking water in DK. • Nitrate enrichment is considered a health problem, concentration should be lower than 50 mg NO3 L-1

  7. Nitrogen and phosphorous loss to lakes and rivers Enhanced plant growth causes: Colouring of the water reducing depth affected by sun rays Reduces oxygen content

  8. Ocean – oxygen depletion • N and P increase plant and algae growth in the ocean • Increased amounts of decaying organic plant material depletes oxygen content • In consequence fish are dying • This is a problem in warm years with little wind Duce et al. Science 2008

  9. Nitrogen deposition to oceansHot spots Duce et al. Science 2008

  10. Ammonia emission from Danish agriculture • Ammonia in the atmosphere originates from Agriculture • The total ammonia emission is ca. 70 000 ton or 25 kg N per ha (76% originates from animal production) • Ammonia and sulphate or nitrate in the atmosphere forms particulates that is a risk to health • When deposited ammonia may change ecosystem that is susceptible to eutrophication

  11. Losses of N in relation to N application to fields

  12. Odour Odour Reduce value of houses in neighbohood of livestock farm Nuisance of odour is related to: Number of animals & Distance

  13. Greenhouse gas emission:Methane and nitrous oxide Contribution to net global warming (Anthropogenic): Methane accounts for 30% Nitrous oxide accounts for 10% (IPCC, 2007) Livestock contributes: 37% of global CH4 emission 65% of global N2O emission (FAO 2006, Livestock long shadow) Effect of methane and nitrous oxide: 1 kg CH4 equals effect of 23 kg CO2 1 kg N2O equals effect of 296 kg CO2 (IPCC 2007) IPCC 2006

  14. Manure is the source of the gases: Methane: CH4 Nitrous oxide: N2O Global warming potential Methane: 23 Nitrous oxide: 296 Greenhouse Gas emission from animal manure • Content: • Manure management and GHG mitigation • Driving variables and interaction with climate • Mitigation technologies • Models for assessing effect of management and technologies • Conclusion

  15. Livestock or manure Montegny et al. 2006

  16. Methane emissionEffect of source i.e. solid or liquid manure

  17. Nitrous oxide emission from animal manure, low oxygen partial pressure Surface of soil, surface of manure stored - Mosaic of aerobic and anaerobic areas

  18. Solid manure store – nitrous oxide(Hansen MN et al. 2005) Un-covered heap Covered heap 10 cm below surface Centre Uncovered Covered

  19. Nitrous oxide

  20. Farming systems with and without Anaerobic Digestion producing biogas Inlet

  21. Reduce methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, biogas digestion Biogas energy

  22. The model include effect of organic matter VS, temperature and storage time VSD is the fraction of manure that is digestible Methane emission is related VSD Methane emisison is related to Temp Methane emission is related to storage time Methane emission is related to inoculum

  23. GHG emission - effect of anaerobic digestion of animal slurry in a biogas plan

  24. You may use the IPCC algorithm • T animal category, S system and k climate region • F(T) = annual CH4 emission for a livestock category T, kg CH4 LU-1 yr-1 • VS(T) = daily volatile solid excreted for livestock category T, kg dry matter LU -1 day-1 • 365 = basis for calculating annual VS production, days yr-1 • BMP(T) = ultimate methane production for manure from a given livestock category T, m3 CH4 Kg-1 of VST. In your calculations the ultimate methane production rate given in this compendium should be used (Table 3). • 0.67 = conversion factor of m3 CH4 to kilograms CH4 • MCF(S,k) = methane conversion factors for each manure management system S by climate region k, %

  25. Exampel of use of IPCC equation, fattening pig

  26. In your calculations the following model can be used There will be on cow or buffalo and about three fattening pigs per unit: animal-1 yr-1 In the IPPC system is used a livestock unit (LU), which in Europe is about 33 pigs produced per year, on dairy cow or several hundreds chicken

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