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How to Maximize Returns from Manure

How to Maximize Returns from Manure. Edwin Ritchey Extension Soil Specialist UK-REC. History of Manure Application. Homer mentioned “ manuring of vineyards” in the Odyssey (800 BC) Mentioned in the Bible (Luke 13:8) WWII, inorganic fertilizers

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How to Maximize Returns from Manure

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  1. How to Maximize Returns from Manure Edwin Ritchey Extension Soil Specialist UK-REC

  2. History of Manure Application • Homer mentioned “manuring of vineyards” in the Odyssey (800 BC) • Mentioned in the Bible (Luke 13:8) • WWII, inorganic fertilizers • Switched from a waste product that had to be dealt with to something of value • How to best utilize that value

  3. Other “Organic” Amendments • Processed Municipal Waste • Louisville Green (5-3-0) • Separate solids, anaerobic digesters, dewatered in centrifuges, heat dried in rotary drums • Warren County has a new operation on-line • VitAg (16-0-2-18S) Treated with AA and Sulfuric Acid • Composted Products • Decomposition process that reduces the volume and produces a stabilized product • Concentrates some nutrients, not others

  4. Spreading Poultry Litter

  5. Processed Municipal Wastes VitAg 16-0-2-18S LG 5-3-0

  6. Manure and Compost = $$$ • Animal Manure is a complete fertilizer • Calculate value based on N-P-K • But more value than just N-P-K • Ca, Mg, S, B, Mo, Zn, Cu, and “other” • Hard to measure “other” • Increased OM, improved structure, improved tilth, and plant available water • Must be aware of mineralization rates

  7. Value of Nutrients in Manure • Bulk fertilizer prices per ton (10-12-12) • Urea (46-0-0) $790 (N=$0.86/lb N) • KCl (0-0-60) $597 (K2O=$0.54/lb K) • DAP (18-46-0) $649 • if only considered N= $1.80/lb N • if only considered P= $0.71/lb P2O5 • accounting for N in DAP = $0.37/lb P2O5 • Must consider what nutrients are needed

  8. Value of Nutrients in Manure • Nutrient content of broiler litter (lb/ton) AGR-1 • Moisture Content 20% • N = 55 • P2O5 = 55 • K2O = 45 • Value of Nutrients per ton of manure ($62.43) • N=$23.65 (assumes 50% available) • P2O5=$16.28 (assumes 80% available) • K2O=$22.50 (assumes 100% available) • Must consider what nutrients are needed • Moisture greatly influences nutrient value

  9. Nutrient Variation - N • Approximately 50% as NH4+, 50% as “organic” • Some are lost • NH3, NO3-, N20, N2 • Some are used • By plants, microbes, SOM • Organic N must be mineralized to NH4+ or NO3- • BEST TO TEST

  10. Nutrient Variation - N • Ammonia loss (NH3) • Warm, wet, and windy • Mineralization (Organic N  NH4+) • Warm, moist, and O2 • Nitrification (NH4+ NO3-) • NH4+ present, warm, moist, and O2 • Denitrification (NO3-  NO2-  NO  N20  N2) • NO3- , waterlogged soils, available carbon, and warm • Leaching (NO3-)

  11. Specific Research Results Understanding Components to High Yielding Soybean Systems

  12. Background • Soybean prices and input prices have increased substantially in the past few years • New products and practices not common to soybean production are becoming more common and have not been well evaluated • Fungicide use without disease pressure • Greater nutrition (organic and inorganic sources) • Higher seeding rates

  13. Objectives • Determine soybean yield potential when: • Five additional inputs are combined in a high-intensity production system • Impact of each additional input is removed from the high intensity system • Impact of each additional input is added to a general soybean production system

  14. Locations and Soil Types • Graves County (Collins SiL) • Henderson County (DekovanSiL) • Todd County (Newark SiL) • Fayette County – UK-LEX (Huntington SiL) • Caldwell County – UK-REC (Huntington SiL)

  15. Treatment descriptions

  16. UK-REC Yield Rankings by Treatment (Pr>F=0.3181)

  17. UK-REC Main Effects of Treatment on Soybean Yield *Values with a significance level > 0.10 are considered non-significant.

  18. Henderson County Main Effects of Treatment on Soybean Yield

  19. Todd County Yield Rankings by Treatment (Pr>F = 0.0001) Yields followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a 5% level of confidence

  20. Todd County Main Effects of Treatment on Soybean Yield

  21. Treatments that resulted in the three highest and lowest soybean yields, across all locations, in 2011 *Treatment number (yield, bu/A).

  22. Treatment descriptions

  23. Conclusions • No one treatment appeared to be substantially better than another • Data does not substantiate a higher seed rate • Response to additional fertilizer was minimal when utilizing proper soil fertility programs • Fungicide and PL use (???) • UK-CES Recommendations are sound

  24. Specific Research Results The Use of Organic Soil Amendments for Wheat Production

  25. Considerations • Time of poultry houses cleanout • Mainly Spring and Fall • Other organic sources • Composts – Between planting and harvest • Processed Municipal Waste – Year round • Nutrient availabilities – Varies • Due to type of material, timing, application and storage method, mineralization rates, etc

  26. Nitrogen Availability (PL) Crop Management* Availability (%) Corn or Spring Applied Annual Grass 2 days 60 5-6 days 50 > 7 days <45 Fall Applied No Cover Crop 15 Cover Crop 50 Wheat Preplant 50 Pasture (cool) Spring/Fall 80 * Incorporation with tillage or > 0.5 inches of rain (AGR-146)

  27. Second Year N Availability • Beegle, Penn State University • Depends on # of year applied in last 10 • PL (other manures) • <4 years => 3% (5%) • 4-8 years => 7% (15%) • > 8 years => 12% (25%)

  28. Additional Benefits • Soil Organic Matter • Storehouse of nutrients • Resistance to compaction • Fragipan Improvements (?) • Water Holding Capacity (PAW) • Soil Structure (sands to clays) • Activity of Soil Organisms (e.g. earthworms)

  29. Methods • Zanesville Silt Loam (2011) • Applied PL, LG, CSM based on Total N • Assumed 100% available • 100, 150, and 200 lbs Total N/A • 4 Rates of inorganic N plus non-treated check • 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 lbs N/A

  30. 2011 Results (LSD = 6.7)

  31. 2011 Results (LSD = 6.7)

  32. If not Yield then What? • Soil Organic Matter – soil test in spring • Residual Nitrogen – corn N response • Infiltration/Structure – infiltrometer • Plant Available Water – pressure plate

  33. Structure – Pore Size • Macropores • Large pores: infiltration, little PAW • Mesopores • Medium pores: infiltration, PAW • Micropores • Small pores: little infiltration or PAW • OM Improvements in Structure • Like a sponge or straw

  34. Conclusions • Organic amendments are a good source of plant nutrients, but… • Still well priced for N-P-K but other value • Optimize nutrients present (DAP for N) • Test soil, test manure • Still a good value if used properly

  35. Questions/Comments

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