Introduction to Medical Terminology

1. Introduction to Medical Terminology Concorde career college, Portland ST110

2. Objectives • List the three basic word components. • Identify and define word roots. • Recite and apply the rules for combining multiple roots into a compound word.

3. Objectives • Identify word parts and their role in forming medical terms • Analyze unfamiliar terms • Define commonly used prefixes, word roots, combining forms, and suffixes

4. Objectives • Pronounce medical terms correctly • Recognize the importance of spelling medical terms correctly • Correctly use abbreviations • Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce medical terms

5. Word Components Important Terms: • Anatomy • The study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized • Physiology • The study of the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it. • Pathophysiology • The study of the diseases of the body.

6. Word Parts • Four Types • Word Roots- The foundation of medical terms. Usually describes part of the body • Combining Forms- /o • Prefixes- Beginning of the word • Suffixes- Added to the end of a complete word

7. Word Components • Word Roots • The basic foundation of a word to which components are added • Use the word derm, dermat, derma • Add/Subtract components to form larger words • Hypodermic • Dermatologist • Dermabrasion

8. Word Root • Usually describe body part involved heminephroplasty • May also indicate color • Examples: cyan/o, erythr/o cyanosis erythrocyte • My/o - _______ • Poli/o ________

9. Word Components • Combining Form • When a word root is combined with a vowel • Helps in pronunciation so the word will flow • Most of the time the vowel is an “o”, but sometimes “i” • Dermatology • Dermatoplasty

10. Prefixes • Added to beginning of word • Usually indicates location, time, or number heminephroplasty • Some can be similar in spelling, but opposite in meaning

11. Prefixes • Pre- Dys- • Peri- Anti- • Post- • Ab- • Dys- • Hyper- • Hypo- • Brady- • Tachy-

12. Suffixes • Added to the end of a word root • Usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder or disease tonsillitis tonsillectomy • Can mean pertaining to, abnormal condition • Also used as a noun, to indicate pathology, or relate to the type of procedure

13. Suffixes • Can be used as noun endings • Name of person, place or thing • In medical terminology, suffixes can change the word root into a noun. • EX. Cranium • Crani- skull • Um- Single noun ending • Appendix A

14. Suffixes • “Pertaining to” • Adjective- describes or defines a thing • In medical terminology, suffixes can change the word root into an adjective • EX. Cardiac • Cardi – Heart • Ac- pertaining to

15. Suffixes • Abnormal condition or disease • EX gastrosis • Gastro- Stomach • Osis- Abnormal Condition or disease

16. Suffixes • Related to pathology • Study of all aspects of diseases. • Path - Disease • Ology – Abnormal Condition or disease • Describe specific disease conditions • Gastralgia • Gastr - Stomach • Algia – Pain and Suffering

17. Suffixes Common Medical Common Surgical • -osis: • -ac: • -algia: • -itis: • -malacia: • -necrosis: • -stenosis: • -otomy • -ectomy • -plasty • -ostomy • -rrhaphy • -pexy • -lysis • -scopy • -graphy • -desis

18. “Double R” Suffixes • rrhage - ____________ • rraphy - ____________ • rrhea - ____________ • rrhexis - ____________

19. How Can I Determine the Meaning of a Word Just by Looking At It? • Take the term apart • Guess • Use a medical dictionary • Use additional resources

20. A prefix is placed at the beginning of the word (always) Anuria Endocardium A suffix is placed at the end of the word root (always) Cardiology Carditis More than one word root in a word creates the need for combining vowels to connect the roots. This creates combining forms used in compound words. Hematologist Cytology Word Structure Rules

21. Compound words are usually composed in this order: combining form + word root + suffix -leuk/o/cyt/osis Defining a medical word usually begins with defining the suffix first and continuing to read backwords through the word as you define it. Cardiomegaly Word Structure Rules

22. When a medical word has a prefix, the definition of the word usually begins with defining the suffix first, the prefix second and the root(s) last. When a medical word identifies body systems or parts, the definition of the word usually begins with defining the suffix first, then defining the organs in the order in which they are studied in the particular body system. Word Structure Rules

23. Using a Medical Dictionary • Spelling • If you don’t know how to spell the word, sound it out and write it down • If that doesn’t work, look for alternative spellings based on the beginning sound

24. Spelling • ACCURACY is extremely important • Changing just one or two letters can change the entire meaning of a word • Example: “ileum” is a part of the small intestine, and “ilium” is part of the hip bone

25. nephrectomy rootsuffix nephr/ectomy kidney/surgical removal of The surgical removal of the a kidney

26. nephroplasty root cv suffix nephr/o/plasty kidney/surgical repair Surgical repair of a kidney

27. gastroenteritis root cv rootsuffix gastr/o/enter/itis stomach / smallintestine /inflammation of Inflammation of the stomach & small intestine

28. Singulars and Plurals • There are unusual rules for changing a singular word into a plural one • The rules are foreign to us because most medical terms are of Greek or Latin origins

29. The Rules • If a word ends in “a”, the plural will have an “e” added. Ex. Bursa to bursae • If it ends in “ex” or “ix”, change it to “ices” • Ex. Appendix becomes appendices • If the term ends in “um”, change it to an “a” • Ex. Ovum changes to ova • See table 1.9 (MTHP) for the others pg. 13

30. Don’t Panic!!!! • All of these rules may seem overwhelming, but they will soon become second nature • If in doubt, look for the plural form in a medical dictionary

31. Abbreviations • Frequently used as a short-hand method of writing long and complex words or phrases • Some can be confusing, so watch out! • Example: BE means “below elbow” and “barium enema” • A patient would be UPSET if these two terms were confused!

32. Basic Terms • Sign • Symptom • Syndrome • Diagnosis • Prognosis • Acute • Chronic • remission

33. Review • What are the four types of word parts?

34. Review • What are the four types of word parts? Word roots, combining forms, suffixes, prefixes

35. Review • What does a word root usually describe?

36. Review • What does a word root usually describe? The body part involved

37. Review • Where is a suffix added to a word?

38. Review • Where is a suffix added to a word? At the end of a root word

39. Review • What are some examples of “Double R” suffixes?

40. Review • What are some examples of “Double R” suffixes? -rrhaphy, -rrhage, -rrhea, -rrhexis

41. Review • What part of the root word are prefixes added to?

42. Review • What part of the root word are prefixes added to? The beginning of the word

43. Review • Is accuracy important when spelling a medical term?

44. Review • Is accuracy important when spelling a medical term? ABSOLUTELY!!!

45. Review • What are some examples of basic medical terms?

46. Review • What are some examples of basic medical terms? Sign, symptom, syndrome, acute, chronic…

47. Introduction to Medical Terminology: Prefixes Concorde career college, Portland ST110

48. Objectives • Identify and define prefixes • Recite and apply the rules for combining a prefix to a root word

49. Prefixes • Prefixes are attached directly to the beginning of a word • Endocardium • Dysuria • The meaning of a prefix will not change from word to word • A-always means absence of • Bi-always means two or double

50. Bi- Hemi- Milli- Mono- Nulli- Primi- Quadri- Semi- Tetra- Tri- Uni- Prefixes that Express Numbers-indicate one, two or three or single, half, double