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Testing Similarity is Proximity in Realistic Reasoning Situations

Testing Similarity is Proximity in Realistic Reasoning Situations. Bodo Winter & Teenie Matlock. Cognitive and Information Sciences. 23-28 June, 2013. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Casasanto (2008). SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY Casasanto (2008). duty. pride.

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Testing Similarity is Proximity in Realistic Reasoning Situations

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  1. Testing Similarity is Proximityin Realistic Reasoning Situations Bodo Winter & Teenie Matlock Cognitive and Information Sciences 23-28 June, 2013

  2. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY

  3. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYCasasanto (2008)

  4. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYCasasanto (2008) duty pride

  5. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYCasasanto (2008) duty pride

  6. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYCasasanto (2008) duty pride

  7. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYCasasanto (2008) Howsimilar in meaning? similar not similar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

  8. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYCasasanto (2008)

  9. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYBoot & Pecher (2012), cf. Breaux & Feist (2008) "same" "different"

  10. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYBoot & Pecher (2012), cf. Breaux & Feist (2008)

  11. SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITYBoot & Pecher (2012), cf. Breaux & Feist (2008)

  12. BUT… …the research is entirely within-subjects (for a discussionofproblemswiththis, cf. Stanovich & West, 2008) … the research focuses on abstract tasks … the unidirectionality/asymmetry of this metaphor has not been extensively tested

  13. 82 participants Condition 1: close Condition 2: far

  14. Space affects similarity ratings

  15. Space affects similarity ratings

  16. Space affects similarity ratings

  17. Space affects similarity ratings t(80)=2.34, p<0.03

  18. Our experiments Stimuli: People Experiment 1 Space > Similarity Experiment 2 Similarity > Space

  19. Similar text “Ann and Jen attend the same class, but they have never talked to each other. Ann likes hip hop, and Jen does, too. They have similar political ideals. Ann is rather conservative, and so is Jen. Also, Ann is outgoing, and Jen is, too.”

  20. Dissimilar text “Ann and Jen attend the same class, but they have never talked to each other. Ann likes pop, but Jen loves jazz. They have different political ideals. Ann is rather conservative, but Jen is not. Also, Ann is outgoing but Jen is shy.”

  21. 401 participants

  22. Similarity affects distance

  23. Similarity affects distance

  24. Similarity affects distance

  25. Similarity affects distance t(334.73)=6.96,p<0.0001

  26. Our experiments Stimuli: People Stimuli: Cities Experiment 1 Experiment 3 Space > Similarity Similarity > Space Experiment 2 Similarity > Space

  27. Similar text “The city of Swaneplam has just finished its annual budget, and so has the city of Scaneplave. Swaneplam decided to invest more in education and public healthcare this year. It will also contribute generously to its public transportation system. Similarly, Scaneplave will increase funding for education and healthcare. Also likeSwaneplam, Scaneplave will dramatically expand funds for transportation this year.”

  28. Dissimilar text “The city of Swaneplam has just finished its annual budget, and so has the city of Scaneplave. Swaneplam decided to invest more in education and public healthcare this year. It will also contribute generously to its public transportation system. In contrast, Scaneplave will decrease funding for education and healthcare. Also unlikeSwaneplam, Scaneplave will dramatically slash funds for transportation this year.”

  29. Design • Semantic Similarity Similar vs. Different • Phonological Similarity Scaneplave / Swaneplam Scaneplave / Mouchdalt 368participants

  30. Semantic Manipulation t(361)=2.44, p<0.02

  31. Phonological Manipulation t(361)=1.39, p=0.16 Scaneplave vs.Mouchdalt Scaneplave vs.Swaneplam

  32. Our experiments Stimuli: People Stimuli: Cities Experiment 1 Experiment 3 Space > Similarity Similarity > Space Experiment 2 Experiment 4 Similarity > Space Space > Similarity

  33. Condition 1: close Condition 2: far 40 participants

  34. Space affects similarity ratings t(78)=2.31, p<0.03

  35. Our experiments Stimuli: People Stimuli: Cities Experiment 1 Experiment 3 Space > Similarity Similarity > Space Experiment 2 Experiment 4 Similarity > Space Space > Similarity

  36. Conclusions #1 Convergent evidence for SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY • Between subjects • Richer linguistic stimuli • More concrete

  37. Conclusions #2 Unidirectionality/Asymmetry ofSIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY ? Space > Similarity Similarity > Space

  38. Conclusions #2 Physical Warmth > Social Warmth Social Warmth > Physical Warmth Williams & Bargh (2008a) Zhong & Leonardelli (2008) Distance >Social Warmth Social Warmth > Distance Williams & Bargh (2008b) Matthews & Matlock (2011) Space >Number Number >Space e.g., Dehaene et al. (1993) eg., Fischer et al. (2003)

  39. Conclusions #3 (1) People judge entities to be more similar to each other when they are placed closely in space (2) People judge entities to be closer to each other when they are thought to be more similar

  40. Conclusions #3 (1) People judge entities to be more similar to each other when they are placed closely in space (2) People judge entities to be closer to each other when they are thought to be more similar

  41. Conclusions #3 This reflects how a metaphor such as SIMILARITY IS PROXIMITY plays a role in everyday reasoning Winter & Matlock (accepted)

  42. Collaborator Research Assistants THANK YOU Jesse Falke Teenie Matlock Christy Banks

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