The Formation of New Identities

1. Colonial Legacies 2: The Formation of New Identities • Who are we?

2. The Nation-State and Global Capitalism • Secures private property • Organizes and disciplines working class • Provides and maintains economic infrastructure (transportation, communication, judiciary, education) • Regulates conflict (at home and abroad) Eric Wolf, Europe and the People Without History

3. The Tasks of the Nation State • Monopolize Force • Control Economic Life • Mobilize Spiritual Values

4. The Nation • Natural? • Constructed?

5. Nationalism: Some explanations of causes • The drive to be close to others of shared blood or culture • The formulation of national ideologies • Fostered by dominant classes to obscure structural contradictions • External Pressures • Internal Pressures Ernst Gellner

6. Cultivating Nationalism • Reconfigure social relations to focus upon the state • “Deep, horizontal comradeship” • Self-sacrificing love • Self against the Other

7. Propagation of Nationalism through Interconnected Systems • Language • Bureaucracy • Education

8. American Anthropological AssociationStatement on "Race" “Early in the 19th century the growing fields of science began to be reflected in public consciousness about human differences. Differences among the "racial" categories were projected to their greatest extreme when the argument was posed that Africans, Indians, and Europeans were separate species…”

9. Sources of Knowledge of Colonized Peoples • New Sciences classified populations and territories and made them visible in particular ways: -- Archaeology, Geography, Cartography, Philology, Ethnology, Demography,Anthropology ethnicity is natural -- ‘tribal’ – primordial differences – ‘primitivism’ -- hierarchy of peoples – races of man

10. Social Darwinism -- and the Races of Man

11. Social Darwinism -- and the fear of the masses

12. Assimilation? e.g., Latin America

13. Colonial landscapes in Latin America Schoolchildren, Cartagena, Columbia Spanish colonial architecture, Quito, Ecuador Banana processing, Ecuador

14. 17th century Spanish colonial America • 16 "racial" categories based on the percent of one's ancestry from different groups: Bermejos 100% European Indios 100% Native American Negros 100% African Mulatos European and African mixture (7 categories) Mestizos European and Native American mixture (5 categories)

15. 18th century French colonial Haiti 9 categories of African and European mixture based on the assumption that people have 128 parts of inheritance: Blanc European (128 parts European ancestry) Négre African (128 parts African ancestry) • Mulâtre 64 parts European and 64 parts African • Sacatra 8 to 32 parts European • Griffe 24 to 39 parts European • Marabou 40 to 48 parts European • Quateron 71 to 100 parts European • Métif 101 to 112 parts European • Mamelouc 113 to 120 parts European • Quateronné 121 to 124 parts European • Sang-mêlé 125 to 127 parts European

16. Segregation: e.g., Southern Africa -- Race Classification -- Work permit -- Territories -- ‘Group Areas’ -- Policing e.g., laws, passes

17. Stallard Commission of 1922: “the native shall only be allowed to enter urban areas, which are essentially the white man’s creation, when he is willing to enter and to minister to the need of the white man, and should depart therefore when he ceases so to minister” Racialized landscapes

18. Complex Identities • Nation • Race • Ethnicity • Class

19. From Ryukyu to Japan

20. Destruction of Ryukyu: 1879

21. Denial of China-Ethnic Purification

22. Intellectual Complicity? • Iha Fuyu • Assistant to Torii Ryuzo • Mentor to Yanagita Kunio • Historian, Linguist, Ethnographer

23. Exemplary Proletarians

24. Devoted Imperial Subjects

25. Into the abyss…