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TRANSCRIPTION

DNA. TRANSCRIPTION. mRNA. Ribosome. TRANSLATION. Polypeptide. (a) Bacterial cell. Nuclear envelope. DNA. TRANSCRIPTION. Pre-mRNA. RNA PROCESSING. mRNA. TRANSLATION. Ribosome. Polypeptide. (b) Eukaryotic cell. Gene 2. DNA molecule. Gene 1. Gene 3. DNA template strand.

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TRANSCRIPTION

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  1. DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Polypeptide (a) Bacterial cell Nuclear envelope DNA TRANSCRIPTION Pre-mRNA RNA PROCESSING mRNA TRANSLATION Ribosome Polypeptide (b) Eukaryotic cell

  2. Gene 2 DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 3 DNA template strand TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Codon TRANSLATION Protein Amino acid

  3. Second mRNA base First mRNA base (5 end of codon) Third mRNA base (3 end of codon)

  4. (a) Tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene (b) Pig expressing a jellyfish gene

  5. Amino acids Polypeptide tRNA with amino acid attached Ribosome Trp Phe Gly tRNA Anticodon Codons 5 3 mRNA

  6. Amino end of polypeptide E 3 mRNA P site A site Ribosome ready for next aminoacyl tRNA 5 GTP GDP E E P A A P GDP GTP E P A

  7. Release factor Free polypeptide 5 3 3 3 2 GTP 5 5 Stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) 2 GDP

  8. Wild-type hemoglobin DNA Mutant hemoglobin DNA C T T C 3 3 A T 5 5 T 5 A G G A A 3 5 3 mRNA mRNA G A A 5 G U A 3 5 3 Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin Val Glu

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