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BRINKMANSHIP AND EISENHOWER

BRINKMANSHIP AND EISENHOWER. CHAPTER 26, SECTION 4. THE HYDROGEN BOMB. Define: Hydrogen Bomb A thermonuclear device with the explosive power of 1 million tons of TNT. When? 1950 – 52 Why? a. Fear of Soviet nuclear efforts b. Desire to gain “nuclear advantage”

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BRINKMANSHIP AND EISENHOWER

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  1. BRINKMANSHIP AND EISENHOWER CHAPTER 26, SECTION 4

  2. THE HYDROGEN BOMB • Define: Hydrogen Bomb • A thermonuclear device with the explosive power of 1 million tons of TNT. • When? 1950 – 52 • Why? • a. Fear of Soviet nuclear efforts • b. Desire to gain “nuclear advantage” • Truman approves research / development of bomb. • 1st Test: 1952 detonation of an American H-Bomb • Problem? • Yes • 1953, Soviets detonate their first H-Bomb • So What? • Nuclear balance is evened again

  3. 1952 Hydrogen Bomb Detonation

  4. BRINKMANSHIP • 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower elected President • Ike’s Sec. Of State: John Foster Dulles • Dulles: Staunch Anti-Communist • Dulles’ foreign policy principle: • “BRINKMANSHIP” • Define: A willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of war, especially nuclear war. • So What? • The U.S. will keep the peace by promising to use all it’s force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nations • Brinkmanship requires larger numbers of nuclear weapons • So. . . THE ARMS RACE BEGINS

  5. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER • IKE IN WWII ...AS PRESIDENT

  6. John F. Dulles • Time, 1954 • Sec. of State

  7. THE COLD WAR SPREADS • WHY? • Superpower rivalry; both want to dominate global affairs • Both want to spread their own political & economic systems • Both want access to more resources • How do superpowers gain global power? • Expand alliances • Prevent other superpower from doing the same thing • How? • Conventional / Direct confrontation • Example? “Conventional” War - Define • Covert / Indirect confrontation • Examples? • Spying • Aiding friendly revolutions • Helping overthrow unfriendly gov’ts.

  8. THE COLD WAR SPREADS(CONT’D.) • Who will do this effectively? • Intelligence agencies; examples? • C.I.A. • Military Intelligence communities • Where? • 1953: IRAN – CIA helps overthrow Pres. Mossadegh ; Shah of Iran takes over • Why? Oil access • 1954: GUATEMALA – CIA helps overthrow Pres. Arbenz • Why? Arbenz viewed as sympathetic to communism

  9. ATTEMPTS AT PEACE • 1953: Stalin dies • 1955: Soviets form “Warsaw Pact” • Define: Alliance of Eastern European Soviet satellite nations. • 1955: The Geneva Summit • What? U.S. – Soviet meetings to discuss issues of mutual concern. • Ike proposes an “Open Skies” Policy • Define: Both nations would allow flights over their territory to guard against surprise nuclear attack • Soviets reject offer; Why? • Soviets fear a U.S. trick to discover where Soviet nuclear weapons are • So What? • Lack of trust worsens superpower tension

  10. THE WARSAW PACT

  11. OTHER FLASHPOINTS • 1956: Egypt: The Suez Crisis • U.S. backs a Brit.-French-Israel takeover of the Suez Canal • Why? Egypt growing too friendly w/USSR • 1956: Hungary • Soviets invade Hungary • Why? Gov’t has become too friendly w/Western European nations • U.S. decides not to intervene ; risk is too high and Suez Crisis take precedence • Result? The Eisenhower Doctrine • Define: U.S. would give aid to any Middle Eastern nation threatened by any Communist aggression/expansion

  12. U.S. EMBARRASSMENTS • 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik I • SO WHAT? • 1960: U-2 Spyplane shot down • Pilot: Francis Gary Powers captured & tried for espionage • Embarrassment for U.S. • SO WHAT? The Cold War heats up

  13. SPUTNIK I

  14. U-2 SPYPLANE

  15. Frances Gary Powers USAF, 1950’s

  16. POWERS WITH U-2, PRE-FLIGHT

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