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The Eisenhower

The Eisenhower. Chapter 27 AMSCO Part I Notes. I. Themes/Introduction. Containment Brinkmanship Modern Republicanism Civil Rights Movement CIA Nuclear Proliferation Happy Days. II. Eisenhower Takes Command. Dwight D. Eisenhower personified the 1950s

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The Eisenhower

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  1. The Eisenhower Chapter 27 AMSCO Part I Notes

  2. I. Themes/Introduction • Containment • Brinkmanship • Modern Republicanism • Civil Rights Movement • CIA • Nuclear Proliferation • Happy Days

  3. II. Eisenhower Takes Command • Dwight D. Eisenhower personified the 1950s • “I Like Ike” expressed the feeling of millions of middle class Americans. • Trusted and admired Commander of Allied Forces in WWII • Attended West Point

  4. A. The Election of 1952 • Americans’ wanted relief from the Korean War • End to “the mess in Washington” • First presidential victory in 20 years • Republican Primaries • Senator Robert Taft of Ohio • War Hero Eisenhower – Ike Wins • Richard Nixon was his VP • California Senator known for Alger Hiss case • Democrat Candidate • Adlai Stevenson • Popular Governor of Illinois • Criticized McCarthyism

  5. B. Campaign Highlights • Ike – non-politician spotless record • Nixon almost dropped, when he used campaign funds for personal use • Appealed to American’s on TV with his “Checkers” speech • Pledged to end the War in Korea • Won 55 % of popular vote, 422 20 29 electoral votes

  6. C. Ike’s Domestic Policies • Delegated Authority • Corporate Executives in the cabinet • Sec. of Defense – Charles Wilson – former GM head • Criticized for spending to much time golfing and fishing • Research proved he was in charge

  7. 1. Eisenhower’s “Modern Republicanism” • Fiscal Conservative • Goal was to balance budget • Came close to curbing federal spending • Moderate on domestic issues • Accepted New Deal programs • Extended Social Security, extended to 10 million more citizens • Minimum wage raised • Additional public housing • Created Department of Health, Education, and Welfare • Under Oveta Culp Hobby – first women in Republican cabinet • Soil Bank Program Initiated • Opposed Federal Health Care

  8. 2. Interstate Highway System3 • Highway Act (1956) • Construction of 42,000 miles – model for world • Use of fed. Money justified for national defense • Created jobs, promoted trucking, suburbs grew, more homogenous culture • Caused decline of railroad industry • Decline in public transportation

  9. 3. US Prosperity • Steady Growth Rate • Negligible inflation of 1.5 percent • Deficits fell in relation to national wealth • Ike’s economic policies considered most successful of any modern president by some historians • Per capita income tripled (1945-1960) • Twice real income of 1920s • Highest standard of living in the world

  10. D. The Election of 1956 • Ike suffered a heart attack in 1955, major surgery in 1956 • Renominated by Republicans, included Nixon as VP • Dems. Nominated Adlai Stevenson • Eisenhower won by an even greater margin than in 1952 • Why? Clue $$$$$$$$ • Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress

  11. III. Eisenhower and the Cold War • Most attention in both terms on foreign policy • A. Dulles Diplomacy • Sec. of State Dulles • Princeton, France, GW Law, and UN Delegate • Critical of Truman’s containment policy as too passive • Wanted to challenge communist China and USSLiberate “Captive Nations” like Taiwan • Declared that if US pushed a nuclear showdown that the Soviets would back down • Became known as “brinkmanship” • Eisenhower quelled Dulles’ plans

  12. 1. Dulles Massive Retaliation Plan • Greater reliance on nuclear weapons • Scale back conventional army • “More bang for the buck” • In 1953 we produced the Hydrogen Bomb • Soviets caught up in 1954 • To some massive retaliation = mutual extinction • Deterrent against superpowers but not “brushfire wars” • Southeast Asia, African and the Middle East

  13. Operation Ivy • http://youtu.be/ogUBnxnnCuM

  14. B. Unrest in the Third World • Collapse of Colonial Empires • 1947-1962 – Dozen of former colonies in Asia and Africa became independent • 1947 – India and Pakistan • 1949 – Indonesia • 1957 – Ghana – first independent colonized African nation • Became Cold War pawns – they needed economic aid

  15. 1. Covert Action • 1953 – CIA helped overthrow gov. that nationalized oil held by foreign companies • Coup de teat led for return of the Shah of Iran • The Shah was pro west –provided cheap oil prices and purchased American arms • 1954 • CIA helped overthrow leftist gov. in Guatemala • http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE53&iPin=WPA0518&SingleRecord=True

  16. 2. Asia • a. Korean Armistice • Eisenhower traveled to Korea to visit UN forces • Threat of Nuclear War and death of Stalin in 1953 convinced China and Korea to agree to an armistice and exchange of prisoners in July 1953 • Fighting stopped not all US troops removed • DMZ at 38th Parallel still divides North and South • A peace treaty was never signed

  17. b. Fall of French Indochina • French lost Indochina to Japan in WWII • French after WWII tried to retain Indochina • Vietnamese and Cambodians resisted • Ho Chi Minh led communists against the French • Truman gave military aid to French • China and USSR aided the Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh • 1954 – France at the Geneva Conference gave up Indochina • Became Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam

  18. c. Division of Vietnam • Divided at 17th Latitude Line according to Geneva Conference • North – Communist – Ho Chi Minh dictator • South – Ngo Dinh Diem – supported by anticommunist, Catholic and urban • General election never held – feared North would win • US Gave I billion in Aid to South – Truman Doctrine • Eisenhower mentioned the domino theory

  19. d. SEATO • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954) • Put in place to prevent the spread of communism • Agreed to defend one another in case of attack • 8 Nations Signed • US, GB, France, Australia, New Zealand, The Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan

  20. 3. The Middle East • a. US Quagmire • Remain cordial with oil-rich Arab states • Support Israel • Egypt, Palestinians, and other Arabs resented formation of Israel

  21. b. Suez Crisis • General Nasser of Egypt asked US for Aswan Dam project on Nile River • US refused b/c of Egypt threatening Israel • Nasser asked USSR to help build the dam • Soviets agreed • 1956 Nasser seized British and French owned Suez Canal • Threatened Western Europe’s access to ME Oil • Britain, France, and Israel launched a surprise attack to reclaim Suez Canal • Eisenhower condemned attack on Egypt • Sponsored UN resolution to end crisis

  22. c. Eisenhower Doctrine • Pledged economic aid to any country • US replaced Britain and France as leading Western influence in Middle East • Wanted to offset Soviet influence in Egypt and Syria • First applied doctrine to Lebanon in 1958 • Sent 14,000 troops to prevent civil war between Christians and Muslims • Supported the Christian Pro-Western President • 70 Ship, 40,000 sailors • Occupied Beirut International Airport

  23. d. OPEC and Oil • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1960) • Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela • Ongoing Concerns • Western Dependence on Oil • Arab Nationalism • Israel Palestine Conflict

  24. IV. US – Soviet Relations A. Spirit of Geneva 1. Stalin died in 1953, Eisenhower called to slow down the arms race 2. Atoms for Peace Plan 3. Soviets withdrew troops from Austria and est. peace with Greece and Turkey 4. Geneva Conference (1955) a. Eisenhower and Nikolai Bulganin i. Ike proposed “open skies” 5. 1956 – Khrushchev denounced crimes of Stalin and supported peaceful co-existence with the West.

  25. B. Hungarian Revolt • 1. East Germany and Poland wanted to reform communist policies • 2. Hungarians overthrew a gov. backed by the Soviets a. Briefly established liberal rule, until the Soviets sent tanks to reestablish control • Ended first “thaw” in the Cold War • Ended Dulles talk of “liberation” • 3. Sputnik Shock a. USSR launched the first satellites – Sputnik I and II i. Rocket could also deliver nuclear warhead b. US rockets failed to launch satellites initially i. US Science and Math Education failed? ii. National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) iii. NASA (1958) – build missiles, explore space

  26. C. Khrushchev gave the West six months to pull troops out of West Berlin and give the city to the East Germans • Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to Camp David in Maryland D. U-2 Incident A. Two weeks before the next meeting in Paris, a US spy plane was shot down over the USSR b. Eisenhower took full responsibility for the spy flights i. Khrushchev called off the Paris Summit

  27. E. Communism in Cuba 1. Lost of Cuba to communism was extremely alarming to Eisenhower – 90 miles from Florida 2. Fidel Castro overthrew dictator Batista in 1959 a. Later declared that he was a Marxist, allied with the USSR and set up a Communist Gov. 3. Castro nationalized American-owned businesses and properties 4. US Response i. Cut of trade with Cuba ii. CIA began to train exiles to retake Cuba

  28. F. Eisenhower’s Legacy 1. Claimed credit for keeping peace with Communists without the loss of American lives 2. Military Industrial Complex a. Spoke out against negative social impacts of the Cold War b. Warned of becoming a military or imperial state

  29. V. The Civil Rights Movement A. Origins of the Movement 1. Jackie Robinson broke the color line in 1947 (Brooklyn Dodgers) 2. Truman had integrated the armed forces and introduced civil rights leg. in Congress (1948) 3. Discrimination in the South of African Americans a. Segregated schools and public facilities, kept from voting by poll taxes, literacy test, grandfather clauses, and intimidation b. Limited education stimulated poverty

  30. B. Changing Demographics 1. Migration of African Americans North in the 1940s and 1950s - African Americans became a Democratic Force C. Changing Attitudes in the Cold War 1. The US and the Soviets vied for allies in Africa and Asia 2. Racial segregation and discrimination stood out as wrongs that needed to be corrected

  31. D. Desegregating Schools 1. NAACP tirelessly worked to overturn Plessey v. Ferguson a. End the “separate but equal” facilities 1. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) a. NAACP lawyers led by Thurmond Marshall argued that Plessey v. Ferguson violated 14th Amendment “equal protection of the laws” b. Overturned Plessey case i. Separate facilities were unconstitutional ii. Segregation should end

  32. E. Resistance in the South 1. Deep South states fought Brown decision a. Closed public schools b. Little Rock Nine i. Gov. of Arkansas, Orval Faubus used states’ National Guard to prevent nine students from walking into Little Rock High School ii. Eisenhower did not totally support desegregation - However he ordered US troops to protect the Little Rock Nine as they entered school

  33. F. Montgomery Bus Boycott 1. Rosa Parks fought against segregation laws on southern public transportation a. Here arrest caused the Montgomery bus boycott b. MLK, Jr. emerged as the leader of the movement i. Inspired by Gandhi’s non-violent tactics ii. Triumphed when Supreme Court ruled against segregation laws in 1956

  34. G. Federal Laws 1. Eisenhower signed two civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960 first civil rights laws since Reconstruction a. Provided for a Civil Rights Commission b. Justice Department had new powers to protect the voting rights of blacks.

  35. H. Non-Violent Protests 1. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) a. Organized ministers and churches to support the civil rights movement b. 1960 – Greensboro College Students – Woolworth Sit In to protest segregation 2. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to sustain movement a. Utilized sit in tactics to integrate restaurants, hotels, buildings, libraries, pools, and transportation. 3. The civil rights movement would stall in the 1960s and violent confrontations would occur.

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