Samori Toure of the Mandinka.

1. Samori Toure of the Mandinka. • Built his Mandika empire by 1875 • was a strong ruler and had an army of about 30,000 men both infantry and cavalry. • Converted to Islam as a youth • Used Islam to unify the Mandika people so during partition they were united. • Bought riles from Sierra Leone • had is own factory where he manufactured and repaired guns.

2. Samori Toure • Fought the French in 1887 and both parties sued for peace each with different intensions. • he divided his army into 3 divisions the Front ,the rear and themiddle. • Tried to collaborate with the British but they turned him down, • tried to forge an alliance with other African rulers they too turned him down too scared of the French • Samori had to fight alone

3. Fought again in 1891 and Samori used Scorched –earth Policy to avoid the French artillery and machine guns. • This method slowed the French advancement, He adopted surprise attack and withdrawal. • Crops animals and Villages were destroyed. • Forced French to stop invasion in 1892. • 1893 Fighting started again he had to conquer other people to get land

4. Samori • Scored several victories against the French • but as he retreated to barren lands famine greatly weakened his soldiers and he gave up fighting in 1898. • He was exiled to Gabon where he died in 1900. • Samori resisted the French for over 10 years again here it was the Maxim guns that won the day.

5. The Ndebele Rebellion • Ndebele had fled from Shaka and his wars in South Africa in 1820s and moved to the Limpopo river in modern Zimbabwe. • Their king was known as Lobengulaon the eve of Scramble • The British were interested in gold and feared other powers such as Portuguese and the Germans • They also feared the Boers • So Rev Moffat convinced Lobengula to sign a treaty of trade and not to engage with other countries

6. He was cheated by a missionary Rev. John Moffat and Rev. Helm who interpreted the treaty wrongly that Lobengula had signed off his land. • This was the so called Rudd Concession of 1888 • It gave Cecil Rhodes permission to minerals in his land

7. The treaty was in two parts: written and verbal. Verbal favored Lobengula • while written favored the BSA • Europeans started to move to Matabeleland in 1890 to establish their home • Activities of rival miners and educated Africans alerted Lobengula who realized that there were two treaties and Rev Helm had cheated him

8. He summoned the Indunas (council) • The pro- British induna who advised him was killed together with the family • Wrote to Britain to denounce the treaty • Sent a delegation to meet the queen in 1889 but to no avail. • Having realized that they had been swindled of land and they are pastoralists • There was no repudiation of the treaty so he resorted to fight

9. Ndebelle Rebellion They also resented British taking their Land & cattle So they took up arms and fought in 1893 and 1896 in both wars they were defeated due to maxim guns. • 100 British troops were killed and hundreds of the Ndebele warriors • Ndebele were driven out of their land • Rhodes negotiated for peace as Ndebele were still fighting since people were dying on both sides so the rebellion ended in 1896.

10. Primary resistance, • In these armed conflicts Africans were defeated due to the following: • Superior Weapons. • Divide and rule policy. • Use of African auxiliaries. • Enticing collaborators by promising them loot such as land and cattle e.g. Buganda that was given Bunyoro lands