Africa Nigeria vs. Senegal Mandinka

1. Africa Nigeria vs. Senegal Mandinka By: Beatriz Torres A-4 English 11 4/8/13

2. Nigeria Officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. The coast of arms these represent the two main rivers flowing through Nigeria: the Benue River and the Niger River

3. Climate • Rarely exceeds 90° F, but humidity is very high and the nights are hot. Inland, there are two distinct seasons: a wet season from April to October, with generally lower temperatures, and a dry season from November to March, with midday temperatures that surpass 100° F but relatively cool nights, dropping as low as 54° F . On the Jos Plateau, temperatures are more moderate. Dry Season Wet Season

4. Economy • Nigeria has a dual economy with a modern segment dependent on oil earnings, overlaid by a traditional agricultural and trading economy. • The oil sector, is now of overwhelming importance to the point of over-dependence: it provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues.

5. Religion • The northern states, are mainly Muslim while the southern ethnic groups have a large number of Christians. In the southwest, there is no religion. The Yoruba tribe, which is the majority ethnic group in the southwest, practice Christianity, Muslim, and/or the traditional Yoruba religion. • Overall statistics indicate that about 52% of the population are Muslim, with a majority practicing the Sunni branch of the faith. About 46% are Christian and about 1% practice traditional African religions or no religion at all.

6. Foods • list of common Nigerian foods that cuts across most of the above lines, covering the major ethnic groups in nigeria, including Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, and many others, include: • •Nigerian Stew • • Afang Soup • •Okro Soup • •Green leaf Sauce • •Miyankuka • •Yam porridge • •AsaIwa • •EkpangNkokwo • •Pepper Soups with fish, goat meat, chicken • •White Rice • •Fried Rice • •vegetable rice Vegetable Rice Green Leaf Sauce

7. Contributions to the World/ Exports • Owing to Nigeria's poor indigenous industries and local manufacturing propensity, the country currently contributes a small two per cent to global trade, the director, African Centre for Supply Chain, Mr. ObioraMadusaid. • Exports measure the amount of goods or services that domestic producers provide to foreign consumers. More recently, with the advent of small trades over the internet such as through Amazon and e-Bay, exports have largely bypassed the involvement of Customs in many countries due to the low individual values of these trades. Nonetheless, these small exports are still subject to legal restrictions applied by the country of export.

8. Senegal Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. The coat of arms of Senegal dates from the 1960s and reads Un Peuple Un But UneFoi--One People, One Goal, One Faith in the French language. It bears the Pan-African colours and the green star from the flag of Senegal.

9. Climate • Senegal’s climate is usually tropical with year round average temperatures between 26° and 30° C, sunshine from November to May and a short rainy season between the months of June and October, when sudden but spectacular rainstorms can cool off the hot sun.

10. Economy • Although its economy is half the size of that of Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal is economically much stronger than its immediate neighbors. It is the economic hub of the region and the most visited country in West Africa. Services are the main contributor of GDP (57% in 1999). The primary sector which accounts for only one-fifth of GDP remains the core of the economy, supporting almost three-quarters of the economically active population. The industrial sector, which accounts for about one-fifth of GDP, is heavily dependent on agro-industries and mining. *What it would look by 2030.

11. Religion • Islam is the predominant religion in the country. Islam is practiced by approximately 94 percent of the country's population; the Christian community, at 5 percent of the population, includes Roman Catholics and diverse Protestant denominations. One percent have animist beliefs, particularly in the southeastern region of the country. *Islam and Muslim are both words used to describe the religion revealed to the Prophet Mohammed.

12. Foods • Because Senegal borders the Atlantic Ocean, fish is very important. Chicken, lamb, pea, eggs, and beef are also used in Senegalese cooking, but not pork, due to the nation’s largely Muslim population. Peanuts, the primary crop, as well as couscous, white rice, sweet potatoes, lentils, black-eyed peas and various vegetables, are also incorporated into many recipes. Meats and vegetables are typically stewed or marinated in herbs and spices, and then poured over rice or couscous or simply eaten with bread.

13. Contributions to the World/ Exports • Exports include fish, chemicals, cotton, fabrics, groundnuts, and calcium phosphate. The principal foreign market is India at 26.7 percent of exports . Other foreign markets include the United States, Italy and the United Kingdom. • Senegal realized full Internet connectivity in 1996. Private activity now accounts for 82 percent of its GDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep urban problems of chronic high unemployment, socioeconomic disparity, and juvenile delinquency. • Senegal is a major recipient of international development assistance. Donors include USAID, Japan, France and China. Over 3000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963.

14. Nigeria Senegal • Climate- Nigeria has a dry and wet season. • Economy- Depends on their oil sector. Generally a dual economy. • Exports- Goods or services that domestic producers provide to foreign consumers. • Climate- Senegal has more of a tropical season. • Economy- Relies on there agro-industries and mining and their economy is much stronger. • Exports- Donors. Contrast

15. Comparison Nigeria and Senegal • Religion- They both share the same common interest in religion parts believe in Christianity and other Muslim/Islam. • Foods- They both eat the same kinds of food because both countries live in Muslim areas.

16. Igbo Tribe The Igbo people are an ethnic group of southeastern Nigeria. They speak Igbo, which includes various Igboidlanguages, a majority of them also speak Nigerian English. Igbo people are one of the largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria.

17. Arts • It is near impossible to describe a general Igbo art style because the Igbo are heavily fragmented. This has added to the development of a great variety of art styles and cultural practices. Igbo art is generally known for various types of masquerade, masks and outfits symbolizing people animals or abstract conceptions.

18. Religion • Today, the majority of the Igbo people are Christian, well over half of whom are Roman Catholics. There are a small population of Igbo Jews.

19. Social Structure/ Hierarchy • The Igbo do not have a centralized authority. Age and gender are a major factor in respect and authority. Respect is given to elders and males. Social rankings are based on wealth. The Igbo use these names for wealth statuses of people: obgenye or mbi (poor), dinkpa (middle class), and nnukwumadu or ogaranya (rich). • The heads of families form the council of elders, which shares its power with numerous secret societies; these are open, however, to any man rich enough to buy his way in. They are highly hierarchical, their members passing from one level to the next, each stage marked by a specific attribute.

20. Economy/ Resources • The majority of Igbo are farmers. Their staple crop is yam, and its harvesting is a time for great celebration. They are able to produce yam efficiently enough to export it to their neighbors. With the assistance of migrant labor, they also harvest the fruit of the palm tree, which is processed into palm oil, and exported to Europe in large quantities, making it a fairly profitable cash crop.

21. Mandinka Tribe The Mandinka, also Malinke are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa with an estimated population of eleven million (the other 3 major ethnic groups in the region being the non-related Fula, Hausa and Songhai). They belong to the larger Mandé group of peoples.

22. Arts • There is also a significant number of musicians and mask/craftsmen. Mandinkas are lauded for their use of the 21-string Kora as a means of passing down important historical information orally. Many Mandinka sculptures and masks are crafted from calabash and goatskin, the same components of this famous West African instrument. Mandinkas occasionally embellish their masks or sculptures with cowrie shells.

23. Religion • Today, over 99% of Mandinka are Muslim. Some Mandinkapractice Islam and traditional African religions. Among the Mandinka spirits can be controlled mainly through the power of a marabout, who knows the protective formulas. Muslim Symbol

24. Social Structure/ Hierarchy • Traditionally Mandingo society was divided into four main groups. The Slaves, Caste group, Commoners and Nobles. The nobles were members of royal household or potential holders of power such as great war leaders and their family members. • The people belonging to the second social group are the commoners who included farm owners, traders, clerics and marabouts. Both the noble and commoner class were both considered free-born. • The third class were the caste members or artisans such as griots, blacksmiths, carpenters and leather workers • At the bottom of the social scale were the slaves. • This social structure of the Mandinkas was also true for much of Gambia's other tribes though it has broken down to a certain extent but still quite strict regarding marriage to any of the artisan group. Today the 'slaves' exist in name only as their ancestors had once been from slave families however, till this day some still visit their former patron households.

25. Economy/ Resources • Mandinka are rural subsistence farmers in the Sahel who rely on peanuts, rice, millet, maize and small-scale husbandry for their livelihood. During the wet season, men plant peanuts as their main cash crop. Women work in the rice fields, tending the plants by hand. This is extremely labour-intensive and physically demanding work. Only about 50% of the rice consumption needs are met by local planting; the rest is imported from Asia and the United States.

26. Igbo Tribe Mandinka Tribe • Religion- Mainly most of them are Christian. • The Igbo Tribe have secret societies and they are usually in the highest honor. • Majority are Muslim. • Mandingo society was divided into four main groups. The Slaves, Caste group, Commoners and Nobles. Contrast

27. Comparison Igbo Tribe and the Mandinka Tribe • Arts- They make mask and crafts. • Economy- They are mainly farmers. • THE END!!!