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Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Sources

Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Sources. 1) Combustion of Fossil Fuels: Fossil Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour + Heat. 2) Cement Production Limestone (CaCO 3 ) + Clay or SiO 2 heated to produce “ clinker ”  CO 2. 3) Deforestation. 2010:.

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Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Sources

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  1. Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Sources 1) Combustion of Fossil Fuels: Fossil Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour + Heat 2) Cement Production Limestone (CaCO3) + Clay or SiO2 heated to produce “clinker”  CO2 3) Deforestation 2010: Combustion of fossil fuels: 8.7 Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C) Cement production: 0.4Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C) Land Use Change: 0.9 Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C) Cumulative emissions from 1850 to 2010: Fossil fuel combustion + Cement Productions: 365Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C) Deforestation & land use emissions: 162Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C) Today deforestation has contributed 1/3 of the problem Tomorrow reforestation can contribute 1/3 of the solution

  2. Part of the Amazon in 1975 Aerial photograph of part of the Amazon in 1975 today

  3. Fossil Fuel & Cement CO2 Emissions Growth rate 2010 5.9% yr Growth rate 2000-2010 3.1% per year Growth rate 2009 -1.3% per year Growth rate 1990-1999 1% per year - + Peters et al. 2011, Nature CC; Data: Boden, Marland, Andres-CDIAC 2011; Marland et al. 2009

  4. Trends in Emissions

  5. Trends in Emissions

  6. Trends in Emissions

  7. Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions (Production and Consumption) Peters et al. 2011, Nature CC

  8. CO2 Emissions by Fossil Fuel Type 4 Coal 41% 3 Oil 34% CO2 emissions (PgC y-1) 2 Gas 1 Cement 0 2010 2000 1990 Time (y) Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Data: Boden, Marland, Andres-CDIAC 2011

  9. • USA has produced ~30% of total cumulative anthropogenic CO2 emissions since 1900 with only 4.5% of the global population! Combustion: Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour + Heat

  10. Oil C/H = 0.5 H H Propane C/H = 0.375 C C H C C H C C C C C C H C H C H H H H H H H H H H H H H C H C C H C C C C C C C C C C C C C H C H C C H C H C H H H H H H H H H H H C C H H H H C C H H H H H H C H H Hydrogen C/H = 0 Methane C/H = 0.25 The Path to Decarbonization Coal C/H = 2.0 • Not only less CO2 produced with decreasing C/H but more energy too.

  11. Trends in Emissions

  12. Trends in Emissions

  13. Trends in Emissions

  14. CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel (FF) and Land Use Change (LUC) (1960-2010) Current LUC emissions ~10% of total CO2 emissions Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience

  15. 1800 1600 Tropical 1400 1200 Temperate 1000 800 CO2 emissions (TgC y-1) 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Time (y) Emissions from Land Use Change (1850-2010) R.A. Houghton 2010, personal communication; GFRA 2010

  16. 1000 Latin America 800 S & SE Asia Tropical Africa 600 400 CO2 emissions (Tg C y-1) 200 0 -200 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Time (y) Emissions from Land Use Change (1850-2010) R.A. Houghton 2010, personal communication; GFRA 2010

  17. Trends in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration

  18. Trends in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration

  19. Anthropogenic Radiative Forcing

  20. Anthropogenic Radiative Forcing

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