COMMUNICATING IN THE WORKPLACE Sixth Canadian Edition

1. COMMUNICATING IN THE WORKPLACESixth Canadian Edition CHAPTER 3 EXPLORING LANGUAGE ELEMENTS Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

2. Section 3.1The Parts of Speech • The Parts of Speech • Nouns • Pronouns • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs • Prepositions • Conjunctions • Interjections Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

3. A noun is the name of a person, plae, thing, idea, concept, or quality. Pronouns are words that replace nouns. Some examples are: I, you, he, it, we, they, me, her, us, them, my, its, your, his , mine, our, and their. Section 3.1The Parts of Speech Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

4. Verbs are words that express action, a state of being, or a condition. Action verbs express an obvious action. Linking verbs include forms of the verb “to be” and sense verbs. Section 3.1The Parts of Speech Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

5. Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns by limiting (or modifying), or making more specific, the noun or pronoun. A, an, and the are special adjectives called articles. Adverbs describe or limit adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. They specify how, when, where, why, inwhat manner, and to what extent. Section 3.1The Parts of Speech Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

6. Prepositions are connecting words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. Interjections are words used alone that express an extremely strong feeling. An interjection is followed by an exclamation mark. Section 3.1The Parts of Speech Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

7. Conjunctions are words that join words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank. Subordinating conjunctions join subordinate clauses to main clauses. Section 3.1The Parts of Speech Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

8. A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought and contains a subject and a predicate. The subject of a sentence names: The person(s) speaking; or The person spoken to; or The person(s) or thing(s) spoken about. Section 3.2The Sentence Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

9. The simple subject is the main word in the complete subject – the core of the subject. A compound subject is two or more equal subjects joined by a conjunction such as and, but, or, or nor. Section 3.2The Sentence Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

10. Section 3.2The Sentence • The predicate is the part of the sentence that tells what the subject is or does, or what is done to the subject. • The simple predicate is the main verb of the sentence plus any helping verbs, usually in the form of the verb “to be.” Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

11. Section 3.2The Sentence Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

12. Clauses A clause is a group of words containing both a subject and a predicate. Independent clause – A clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a complete sentence. Dependent clause – cannot stand alone. Section 3.2The Sentence Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

13. A phrase is a group of words that has neither a subject nor a predicate. Prepositional phrase – a preposition, an object, and any modifier of that object Infinitive phrase – the infinitive (form of the verb “to be”) and any other words related to it. Verb phrase – two or more verbs working together as one verb. Section 3.2The Sentence Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

14. Section 3.2The Sentence • Sentence fragments A group of words that expresses an incomplete thought is called a sentence fragment. Remember: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought and contains a subject and a predicate. Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

15. Section 3.3Verbs Principal Parts of Regular Verbs Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

16. Verb Tenses The verb tense is the form that tells when the action did or will occur. Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense The Perfect Tenses Each of the present, past, and future tenses has a correlated “perfect” tense. - Present Perfect Tense - Past Perfect Tense - Future Perfect Tense Section 3.3Verbs Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

17. The Progressive Tenses These tenses are used to depict actions that are still in progress. Present Progressive Tense Past Progressive Tense Future Progressive Tense Section 3.3Verbs Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

18. “Being” Verbs The “being” verbs are forms of the verb “to be.” They show no action. Present Tense I am; you are; he/she/it is; we are; you(plural) are; they are Past Tense I was; you were; he/she/it was; we were; you (plural) were; they were Section 3.3Verbs Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

19. A transitive verb requires an object to complete its meaning. e.g.John accepted the award. An intransitive verb does not have an object. e.g. John travels often. Section 3.3Verbs Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

20. Section 3.3Verbs Examples of Irregular Verbs Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

21. Section 3.4Predicate Agreement • Predicate Agreement with Simple Subjects Rule: A predicate must agree with its simple subject in number and in person. e.g. Susan is; We are The team wants to change its schedule. The team members want to change their schedule. Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

22. Section 3.4Predicate Agreement • Indefinite-Pronoun Subject • Examples of indefinite pronouns: • Each, every, anybody, nothing • When used as subjects, and when they modify other subjects, their predicates must be singular. • E.g. Each of the mugs has a large handle that makes it easy to hold. Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

23. Section 3.4Predicate Agreement • Collective-Noun Simple Subjects A collective noun is one that refers to a group or collection or persons or things. (e.g. class; jury; committee) • Treat the collective noun as singular if the class, jury, etc. acts as a group. • Treat the collective noun as plural if the members of the class, jury, etc. act as individuals. Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

24. Section 3.4Predicate Agreement • Part, Portion, or Amount Subjects • May be singular or plural depending on the noun to which they refer. • If the complete subject is singular, then the verb is singular. • If the complete subject is plural, then the verb is plural. • e.g. One-quarter of the pieis mine. • e.g. Three-quarters of the pies are ours. • A number is always plural (A number of team leaders are going to the seminar.) • The number is always singular. (The number of team leaders is increasing.) Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

25. Section 3.4Predicate Agreement • Predicate Agreement with Compound Subjects • A compound subject joined by and is plural and must take a plural verb. (Mary and Jean are …) • Exceptions: • Two nouns joined by and refer to one person. (My accountant and business advisor is …) • Two or more subject joined by and are modified by each, every, or many a • (Each manager and supervisor is preparing a report.) Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3

26. Section 3.4Predicate Agreement • Subjects Joined by Or or Nor • Match the predicate to the subject that follow or or nor. (Neither the CEO nor her managers are attending the meeting.) (Neither the CEO nor herassistantis attending the meeting.) Clauses Introduced by Relative Pronouns The pronounswho, that, and which are relative pronouns. They relate to other words called antecedents. (Tony is one who is always on time. The relative pronouns is who. Its antecedent is one.) (Lori is one of those employeeswho always do their best.) Communicating in the Workplace Canadian Ed. 6 - Chapter 3