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Immigration Reform in 2010 César Chávez Institute, San Francisco State Univ. Immigration in Times of Recession Implications for Policy. Pia Orrenius, Ph.D. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Disclaimer: The views expressed herein are those of the presenter;
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Immigration Reform in 2010 César Chávez Institute, San Francisco State Univ. Immigration in Times of RecessionImplications for Policy Pia Orrenius, Ph.D. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Disclaimer: The views expressed herein are those of the presenter; they do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas or the Federal Reserve System.
Road Map • Effects of recession on • Foreign-born workers • Foreign-born population • Regional differences • Foreign-born vs. U.S.-born workers • Boom and bust • Lessons for the recovery • Immigration policy: ready for recovery?
Current job losses worst since 1945 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Employment declines broad based % Change Const. Nat. Resources and Mining Trade, Transp & Util. Prof & Business Services Educ. & Health Services Leisure & Hosp. Financial Activities Mfg. Info. Other Govt. Total Note: Employment change from December 2007 to December 2009 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Immigrant unemployment rate rises above native rate Immigrant Native Source: Orrenius and Zavodny 2009; BLS
Foreign-born unemployment rates rise most for less-educated Percent Source: Orrenius and Zavodny 2009; BLS
The foreign-born population stagnates in 2008 2008 Source: Census Bureau through 2008
Unauthorized immigrant population falling? Note: *DHS estimates not available for 2001-2004. Source: Department of Homeland Security; Pew Hispanic Center
New border fence 20 ft high Source: Wayne Cornelius (2009) “Evaluating US Immigration Control Policy”
Source: Wayne Cornelius (2009) “Evaluating US Immigration Control Policy”
Emigration from Mexico in steep decline Thousands Source: INEGI 2009 (Mexican National Statistical and Geographical Institute)
Apprehensions a function of labor demand(De-trended employment; lagged apprehensions) Thousands, SA Thousands, SA Employment Apprehensions Source: BLS; DHS; Authors’ own calculations
Geographic differences: Immigrant/native outcomes differ by state
Employment Growth by State OK MS LA WY TX CA AZ ID VT Source: CIS, BLS
Foreign-Born Populations Decline in Florida, California (2008/2007 percent change) Percent Source: Bureau of the Census
Some lessons from the recession so far • Immigration is pro-cyclical • Immigrants are hurt more by recessions • Helped more by expansions • Immigrants are in different industries/occupations/states than natives • Limits labor market competition
Immigrants key to the recovery • Labor force growth • Immigrants account for one-half labor force growth
U.S. labor force participation rate has peaked Source: BLS
Labor force participation rate:Male, female rates falling since 2000 Men Women Source: BLS
Immigrants key to the recovery • Labor force growth • Immigrants account for one-half labor force growth • Efficiency gains • Complement native workers at high, low ends of skill distribution • Fill jobs natives shun • Move to where jobs are • Productivity growth • High-skilled immigration instrumental in high-tech innovation, R&D • Drawbacks • Winners and losers • Adverse fiscal impact of low-skilled immigration
Green cards go to family, not work-based immigrants Note: Data represent FY 2005-2008 averages Source: DHS, 2008 Yearbook of Immigrant Statistics
So workers come on temporary, not permanent visas Thousands Note: Data represent 2004 to 2008 averages for new arrivals Source: State Department Visa Office; Passel and Cohn 2008, Pew Hispanic Center; DHS Yearbook of Immigration Statistics
Most skilled workers use temporary visas Thousands Note: Data from 1992 to 2008 Source: Statistical Yearbook of the INS; DHS Yearbook of Immigration Statistics; Visa office of the State Department
Almost all legal low-skilled workers use temporary visas Note: Data from 1992 to 2008 Source: Statistical Yearbook of the INS; DHS Yearbook of Immigration Statistics; visa office of the State Department
Most low-skilled workers come illegally Source: Jeffrey Passel and Roberto Suro, Pew Hispanic Center (2005); Passel and Cohn, Pew Hispanic Center (2008).
Absorbing temporary workers under current system is like swallowing this fish…
Green card queues spell a decade-long wait in many cases Source: State Department Visa Bulletin, March 2009; Wadhwa et al. 2007, Ewing Marion Kaufmann Foundation ; Authors’ own estimates
Family-based green card queue for Mexicans 60 years? Source: State Department Visa Bulletin, March 2009; Authors’ own estimates
Conclusion • Immigration is slowing due to the economy • U.S. long-run growth will still depend on immigrants • Policy environment is completely inadequate to deal w/ legal, illegal immigration • Amnesty alone is not enough; we need to address future flows
Worksite enforcement jumps Source: DHS
Current policy environment in flux • Some Bush policies on hold • No-match program, Real ID Act, worksite raids, higher employer fines • E-verify: immigration status verification • Obama policies: focus on labor regulations? • Legalization? • Local, state ordinances reg. illegal immigrants; enforcement of federal law • Interminable queues for green cards; running out of temporary visas