Global Developments 1450-1750: Exploration, Religion, and Syncretism

1. Overview of 1450 - 1750 • Strayer’s Ways of the World • Ch 14 - 16 • Ch. 16 Religions and Scientific Revolution

2. WESTERN EUROPE • RENAISSANCE • EXPLORATION • REFORMATION • SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION • COLONIZATION OF AMERICAS • SLAVE TRADE • COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

3. COLONIAL LIFE • SPANISH COLONIES • ENGLISH COLONIES • FRENCH COLONIES

4. ATLANTIC TRADE • PLANTATION ECONOMY • SUGAR = SLAVES • MERCANTILISM • ANGOLA - AFRICA

5. GUNPOWDER EMPIRES • OTTOMAN • SAFAVID • MUGHAL • RISE & FALL

6. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE EUROPEANS DOMINATE: PORTUGUESE DUTCH FRENCH ENGLISH

7. JAPAN TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE FRANCIS XAVIER NAGASAKI

8. CHINA (MING, QING) Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644 Qing Dynasty Manchu people 1644 - 1911 Qing will be the last dynasty of China MACARTNEY MISSION 1792-1793

9. RUSSIA PETER THE GREAT 1689 - 1725 WESTERNIZATION EXPANSION Compare Peter the Great with Louis XIV of France because both are examples of the new absolutist governments of Europe that characterized 17th century political developments.

10. 1450 - 1750 Review What regions will dominate? Where? How? • Western Europe - Portugal, Spain, Britain, France, Dutch Republic • Eastern Europe - Russia • East Asia: China and Japan • South Asia: India • Sub-Saharan Africa - Kingdoms of the West Coast and Swahili states of the east. • North America - 13 original colonies and woodlands of the French and Indians • South America and the Caribbean - Spanish Empire, Portuguese Brazil and British, French and Spanish controlled islands in the Caribbean

11. Ch. 16 - Scientific RevolutionEurope • Before: Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s ideas were accepted as truths in science and the Catholic Church supported these ideas up until the 1500s: • Earth is the center of the universe and does not move • Angels hold up the heavens and keep planets revolving around the earth • After: Nicolaus Copernicus states the sun is the center of the universe, heliocentric theory. Johannes Kepler proves the planets move in elliptical and not circular motions, Galileo confirms it by observations with his improved telescope and Newton explains the movement by gravity instead of angels.

12. Religion – K.C.4.1.VI Discovery of Americas East meets West Cultural Impact: Expanded the spread and reform of existing religions Led to the creation of syncretic beliefs Contributed to religious conflict Examples! Examples! Examples!!!!

13. Ch. 16 – Religious Conflict in Western Europe • Western Europe - Protestant Reformation begins with Martin Luther. Know the following: • 95 theses, indulgences, Johann Gutenberg’s printing press, John Calvin, Henry VIII and the Anglican Church, religious wars, Huguenots, Peace of Westphalia 1648 • Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation. Know the following: • Council of Trent, Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans • Impact of the Reformation on: • women, literacy, governments of Europe

14. Protestant and Catholic states after the Reformation What impact does the Reformation have on European exploration, colonization and control of trade of the 1500 - 1750 era?

15. Religious Conflicts: Sunni-Shi’a Reread in your textbook: Ch. 13, pp.584 - 586

16. Ch. 16 - Spread of Christianity to the Americas vs. Asia • Americas - Know the following: • Explain conversion to Catholicism of indigenous population of the Americas: forced or not? • Asia - China and Japan - Know the following: • Explain conversion to Catholicism in China and Japan: bigger or smaller than what happened in the Americas? • Matteo Ricci in China and Emperor Kangxi, Francis Xavier in Japan

17. Ch. 16 Examples of Syncretism • Syncretism. Know the following: • Definition of syncretism - the name of a process that occurs when two religions.... • Examples of syncretic (blended) religions in the Americas • Wahhabi movement in Arabian peninsula • Neo-Confucianism of the Ming and Qing Dynasties • Sikhism. Know the following: • Guru Nanak, Golden Temple of Amritsar, were Sikhs peaceful, hostile or both during this era? Explain

18. Syncretism The blending of Christianity with local indigenous religious symbols and concepts. See syncretism in Andean region also, pp. 764 - 765 The Virgin of Guadalupe. See description on cover page of Ch. 16, p. 720, 728 – 730,

19. Syncretism More examples: Vodou – a creolized religion practiced in Haiti originated from their ancestors that came from the African kingdom of Dahomey (now Benin) during the slave trade. Christianized in Saint Domingue (present-day Haiti), feast days observed follow the same feast days of some Catholic saints. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vodou Santeria, or Regla de Ocha or Lucumi – a creolized religion based on the Yoruba beliefs from Nigeria and Benin, Africa and practiced in Cuba and the use of Catholic saints in some of their traditions. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Santeria

20. Sufism Sufism is Islamic mysticism – practicing Islam through a personal experience of the divine. Sufis were missionaries because they helped spread Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia. Rumi (1207-1273) famous Sufi, wrote poetry His son established a Sufi order based on his father’s teachings and in the west known as “whirling dervishes” due to the turning dances that are part of their practice and became popular in the Ottoman Empire. See image on p. 376 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDwnEhMGjCk

21. Hinduism + Islam = Sikhism When? During Mughal rule Where? Punjab region of Northern India Who? Founder – Guru Nanak 1469 – 1539 Involved in the bhakti movement (a mystical way of following Hinduism that turned away from Brahmin led rituals in favor of devotional dance, prayer and songs to achieve union with deities.) Sikhism - how different? Ends caste distinction, sati, untouchable status, not Hindu, not Muslim, only one God.

22. Golden Temple of AmritsarHoly Site for Sikhism Built in 1570s in Punjab region of India