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The best available technologies in e -waste management

Join us at the conference to learn about the best available technologies and practices in e-waste management, including collection, recycling processes, composition of e-waste, hazards and pollutants, and best practices for dismantling facilities.

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The best available technologies in e -waste management

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  1. The best available technologies in e-waste management CONFERENCE: DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE FOR WASTE DISPOSAL IN KAZAKHSTAN ALMATY, KAZAKHSTAN, IEC ATAKENT Anahide Bondolfi +41 22 338 15 21 +41 78 647 64 09 Anahide.bondolfi@sofiesonline.com

  2. Structure of Presentation • Collection • Recycling process: • Composition of e-waste • Manual dismantling • Mechanical recycling • Best practices for dismantling and mechanical facilities • Hazards and pollutants related to e-waste recycling and best practices

  3. How to collect e-waste?

  4. Efficient collection strategies • The key to a successful model is to make it as convenient as possible for the consumers! • The collection models must rely on existing systems (informal collection, if existing) • A pricing policy must be implemented if the consumers expect value for obsolete equipment (avoid cherry picking) • Collectors should only collect, no transformation of any kind is allowed

  5. How to recycle e-waste?

  6. What is the typical composition of e-waste? (example in Switzerland)

  7. Composition of e-waste in Switzerland TECHNICAL REPORT 2014 SENS Swico SLRS

  8. Pre-treatments units Manual dismantling Mechanical recycling Picture: Cablofer, Bex, Switzerland

  9. Manual dismantling or mechanical pre-treatment?

  10. Recycling steps in a mechanical pre-treatment unit

  11. Outputs of the pre-treatment Plastic, metal local/ regional treatment (plastic recycler, refinery) Manual dismantling facility Printed circuit board International recycler Collection system Permanent collection points and awareness building to reduce stock and ensure future input in dismantling facility /recyler (incl. refurbishment) Or Mechanical pre-treatment facility Hazardous Outputs (battery, capacitors,…) International integrated smelter

  12. Chemical treatment of Printed Circuit boards at Umicore, Belgium Other plants are located in Sweden, Germany, Canada and Japan • Valorised: • Copper (15%), Nickel (10%), Silver (<1%), Palladium (<0.1%), palatine, Gold (<0.1%), Indium, tin, antimonies (<0.1%) , lead (<1%), bismuth (<0.1%), arsenic (<0.1%), selenium, tellurium, cobalt (4%), ruthenium (<0.1%), mercury, cadmium (<1%)

  13. Best practices for dismantling facilities and pre-treatment units

  14. Training and guidelines • Train staff to proper EHS procedures and use protective equipment • Check available technical guidelines and standards: • STEP • R2 Solutions • WEEELABEX • E-stewards

  15. Monitoring • Material flows must be weighed and registered at the entry and the exit of the dismantling unit • Keep track of the downstream vendors Computers Refrigerator Television Washing machine = 100 kg Dismantling unit = 100 kg Steel Copper Printed circuit boards Plastics

  16. Which hazards and pollutants are related to e-waste recycling?

  17. Hazardoussubstances in equipments

  18. Hazardous substances contained in e-waste: plastics and cables Risk that plastics containing hazardous substances such as flame retardants will be mixed with “clean” plastics and will contaminate the plastic streams, resulting in diluted amounts of hazardous substances in consumer products made of recycled plastics. • Don’t mix e-waste plastic with other plastics • Inform your plastic recycler • Keep track of all downstream vendors X X

  19. Hazardous substances contained in e-waste: printed circuit boards • If shredded: in mechanical recycling processes, there is a risk of cross contaminationof other materials by the hazardous substances contained in the printed circuit boards  One solution is to separate printed circuit boards before shredding (dismantling) • If left abandoned in a dumpsite and a landfill, the boards will slowly leach the many substances they contain into the ground and underground water •  No dumping, but export to a recycling facility

  20. Hazardous substances contained in e-waste: monitors • All processes involving dismantling of appliances must be performed by trained workers • No breaking of lamps Getter pill (Barium) Back-light lamps in flat screens, and also photocopy machines (Hg)

  21. Hazardous substances contained in e-waste: other components  Hazardous components must be removed manually and securely stored and labeled: • Batteries • Capacitors (PCB containing) • Lights (mercury) • Misc (getters pills, mercury switches, etc.)

  22. Hazardous substances released by e-waste recycling processes: wet chemicalleaching During manual and usually informal backyard recycling processes, emissions will occur from improper recycling practices. Additional agents such as cyanide, acids or mercury are used for the process  All processes involving chemical reactions must take place in industrial facilities

  23. Hazardous substances released by e-waste recycling processes: open air incineration Dioxinformation during burning of halogenated plastics  All processes involving material incineration / melting must be banned!

  24. Hazardous substances released by WEEE recycling processes: a proven contamination Soil analysis in Delhi

  25. Conclusions

  26. All steps, including recycling, have costs Acquisition of the e-wastepurchase prices of the collected material (i.e. tender offers, to scavengers) Collection and transporttransport costs, costs for take-back points, labour costs, investment costs (truck, etc.) dismantlinglabourcosts, training costs, investment costs and depreciation for equipment administrationlabour costs, investment costs and depreciation for equipment infrastructure & equipmentinvestment costs and depreciation for real estate, tools, vehicles, etc. Material recoverysales of recovered materials on the commodity market Material disposalCost for disposal / treatment of hazardous / non valuable materials Transport and handling costs  Need for a financing mechanism to do an environmentally sound recycling!

  27. What to remember… • It is possible to start small, with low technology and labor intensive processes, and progressively upgrade to a more mechanized process with increasing volumes • If mechanical facility or manual dismantling unit, it mainly depends on the amount collected, so the priority is to ensure the collection! • The staff involved in collection and dismantling needs to be trained for OHS procedures (look at the guidelines!) • Manual dismantling to remove pollutants is always needed, even with mechanical facilities • Refurbishment is always a priority

  28. AnahideBondolfi Anahide.bondolfi@sofiesonline.com Thank you for your attention!

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