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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Migration : People on the Move. Understanding Migration. As people move, they take their ideas and ways of life with them. First Nations. There are a number of theories about how aboriginal people arrived in Canada. Theory #1.

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Migration : People on the Move

  2. Understanding Migration • As people move, they take their ideas and ways of life with them.

  3. First Nations • There are a number of theories about how aboriginal people arrived in Canada

  4. Theory #1 • Some experts believe that Paleo-Indian groups arrived 10 000 - 12 000 years ago by following caribou and bison after the glaciers from the last ice age began to melt. They crossed the Bering Strait by way of a land bridge into North America from Asia. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJaMyd8cNYQ

  5. Theory #2 • Another theory is that people might have crossed the Pacific Ocean from Asia to the west coast of the Americas from Asia, Siberia, or Australia

  6. Theory #3 • Other experts believe that people arrived in Canada after they crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Europe

  7. Theory #4 • Many aboriginal people believe that they have lived in Canada since the beginning of time.

  8. Why Do People Move? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3BQzAaU3LY • Geographers divide the reasons for migrating into two categories : Push factors and Pull factors http://www.sixsigma-training.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/six-sigma-training-push-pull.png

  9. Push Factors are factors which cause people to leave their current location. Examples : poverty, unemployment, war, famine, natural disasters, lack of freedoms

  10. Pull Factors:are reasons that attract people to move to a new location. Examples : land, jobs, greater economic opportunities, freedom of religion, safety, more resources.

  11. In-Class Activity • In pairs, students will work together to think of as many push and pull factors that they can think of. One person will think of push factors while the other comes up with pull factors. When this done, students will present their findings to the class.

  12. Changing Immigration Patterns • The Canadian government decides who can and who cannot live in Canada

  13. Canada’s immigration policy reflects the current economic, social, and political conditions.

  14. Canada promotes multiculturalism. • Multiculturalism is an official policy that recognizes and supports the many cultural customs of different groups living in Canada. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99bLjA4-Kow

  15. In the past, Canada was more ethnocentric. • Ethnocentrism is the belief that your culture and customs are better than everyone else’s.

  16. Because of ethnocentrism, Canada’s immigration policy was influenced by prejudice. • Prejudice is the belief that all people are not of equal value.

  17. Immigrants from Britain and the US were given preferential treatment. Others were discriminated against. • Discrimination is unfair treatment because of race, color, religion, etc… • The difference between discrimination and prejudice is that discrimination involves the unfair treatment of people and prejudice is the belief that not all people are equal.

  18. Four Examples of Canada’s previous racist immigration policy : 1. African Americans were told that they were not suited to our climate 2. Chinese Immigration Act (1923) forbade entry of Chinese people into Canada until 1947 3. Canada was unwilling to accept Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany 4. Jews who did enter Canada during the Second World War were put in prison camps with Germans

  19. Canada’s Stance on Immigration Pre-1945 (SCO 4.2) 1) Canada was eager to settle the vast western frontier after relocating First Nations to reserves and promoted free land for new settlers from US and Britain and even eastern Europe. http://data2.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ap/c/c056088k.jpg

  20. 2) By the 1920s, most of the Prairies were settled. Many new immigrants moved to cities and were needed to work in growing industries.

  21. 3. The Great Depression of the 1930s forced the government to change its policy in the face of widespread poverty and unemployment. People feared job competition

  22. Canada’s Stance on Immigration Post-1945 (SCO 4.2) 1.Canada’s immigration policy was changed after WW2. It was now more sympathetic to refugees (accepted them because of humanitarian reasons) 2.Workers were needed in post war industry boom. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Constructing_the_Stockholm_Metro_in_1957.jpg/220px-Constructing_the_Stockholm_Metro_in_1957.jpg

  23. Examples of Refugees Accepted - 1947-50 WW2 refugees - 1968-69 Czechoslovakia- 1971-80 Uganda -1972 Chile - 1975-81 Indo-Chinese (Boat people) - 1999 Kosovo - 2010 Sri-Lanka

  24. 3. Canada’s current policy was started in the 1960’s. It aimed to end discrimination. By 1976, a system was set up on the basis of a 3 class system.

  25. Today’s Immigration Policy • The new policy was designed to be equitable by ending discrimination based on the race, colour, or religion. Immigrants are divided into three classes.

  26. Three Class System 1. Family Class – a close relative already living in Canada can sponsor relatives 2. Refugee Class – someone fleeing “great personal danger” 3. Independent Class – these people are assessed based on a point system

  27. 4.4 Debate over Immigration and Refugees Arguments for Immigration : - Big country and small population (more people are need to develop economy ) - Immigrants provide new ideas and new skills - They fill jobs that most Canadians turn down - Multiculturalism is enriched

  28. Arguments Against Immigration : - Lack of jobs for bigger population -They take jobs away from Canadians -Some draw on social welfare programs and services -Different groups can increase racial tensions within Canada

  29. Arguments for Accepting Refugees : -We must honor our commitment to the U.N. to aid “the displaced and persecuted” - Returning refugees will endanger their lives - Canada is a big country with lots of room - People in desperate conditions cannot afford the two year wait

  30. Arguments Against New Refugees : 1. Not all claims are legitimate 2. Those without proper ID can cause security threats 3. Refugees can “skip” the line of others waiting to enter 4. Accepting them will promote others in the future 5. Accepting them will encourage “people smugglers”

  31. 4.5 Changing Migration Within Canada • For people living in the Maritimes, out-migration began shortly after Confederation. • They sought better jobs or opportunities elsewhere

  32. The Jay Treaty of 1794 allowed Canadian born First Nations to cross the border into the United States at will. • US born First Nations do not have the same privileges if trying to enter Canada

  33. Cod Moratorium (1992) • The collapse of the cod fishery in NL in the 1990s led to thousands of Newfoundlanders losing their jobs overnight. • The Canadian government responded with the TAGS program. • Once TAGS ended, thousands of Newfoundlanders left NL to find work elsewhere.

  34. Outmigration -is the movement away from an area

  35. Three reasons for outmigration in NL : • Recession -Mines closed, economy slumped, loss of jobs • Cod Moratorium -Cod fishery closed due to possible extinction of the cod stocks. Many people affected and jobs and careers ended as a result

  36. TAGS program • Some fishermen did “under the table” jobs and hurt other professionals • End of Tags meant fishermen had no options but to leave the province to find work • Took seats from other young people who wanted a secondary education thereby forcing young people to leave to find work on the mainland

  37. Effects of Outmigration • Less people to collect taxes from • Government revenue declines as a result • Many government services have to be cut back or eliminated • When people leave, there is less money circulating in local businesses and less people hired to work in these industries • Atlantic Canadian governments receive less transfer payments from the federal government for health and education programs

  38. Outmigration has a number of effects on Atlantic Canada Brain Drain - Young educated people who should be the most productive members of society move away. The costs of educating these people is not returned to the area. Aging Population-The average age of Atlantic Canadians is rising. These people produce less wealth and increase the demand and costs for health care. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kUgqhxssD4s/THhDN1fa5TI/AAAAAAAAABE/Axn7ttFRon8/s1600/aging-population.jpg

  39. Workers- Some employers are having difficulties finding qualified workers. Government Money-Transfer payments from the Canadian government are based on population. Fewer people means fewer dollars

  40. 4.6 Emigration • Emigration means to leave your country to live somewhere else. • Each year, about 20,000 Canadians emigrate to the US. • Many Canadians fear that Canada is suffering from a “brain drain” – a loss of highly educated people http://www.thegeminigeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/brain-drain.jpg

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