Beginnings

1. Period 1: 1491 - 1607 Beginnings

2. Pre-Columbian time period. • First Americans came from Asia • Supposedly crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age • Following a food source • Gradual migration

3. Native Populations “Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.” • How did natives adapt to their environment?

4. Maize (Corn) • Around A.D. 1000, maize agriculture began to spread from Central America through North America • Maize was especially popular in the southwest • Societies developed vast irrigation systems (Pueblos in Rio Grande) • Maize cultivation transformed societies • Less emphasis on hunting and gathering • Led to an increase in population • Villages were built around maize fields

5. Native American Culture Areas

6. Northwest And Present-Day California • Roughly 300,000 natives lived in California prior to the arrival of Europeans • Most of these societies were based on hunting, gathering, and foraging • Gather nuts, fish, and hunted • Societies tended to be ruled by wealthy families • Chinooks • Advocated warrior traditions • Used advanced fighting techniques • Lived in longhouses which could house many families

7. Great Plains and Great Basin • Most natives lived off of hunting and gathering • Lack of natural resources • Large, flat area • With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered • Bison hunting became much easier • Natives with horses became stronger militarily • Natives in the Great Basin hunted bison and sheep • Like natives on the Great Plains, horses helped natives become more powerful

8. Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard • Many societies were a mix of hunting and gathering, and agriculture and developed permanent villages • Iroquois (Present day NY and PA): • Adapted to their environment: • Burned forests to hunt and grow crops • Villages were built around maize • Iroquois were a matriarchal society: • Power was based on female authority • Women were instrumental in councils and decision-making • Women would tend to crops and oversaw community affairs while men hunted

9. Period 1: 1491 - 1607 (European Exploration)

10. New Maritime Technologies • New technology aided exploration: Sextant –used to find exact position on earth – more precise sailing Astrolabe - used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea Sextant Mariner’s Compass Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Better Maps

11. European Exploration • “European expansion into the Western Hemisphere caused intense social/religious, political, and economic competition in Europe and the promotion of empire building.” • What drove European exploration and conquest? • 3 G’s – God, Glory, Gold • To spread Christianity – Spain • Money and food from the Americas led to population growth in Europe and helped shift the economy to capitalism • Joint-stock companies – used to raise $ for explorations • Used in Jamestown (1607)

12. Explorers Sailing For Spain • Columbus- Italian sailing for Spain - Landed in the “West Indies” - 1492 • Magellan - Portuguese sailing for Spain - 1st to circumnavigate the world - 1522

13. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World

14. More Spanish Explorers • De Leon- colonist of Hispaniola - Established colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida – 1508 • Balboa- colonist of Hispaniola - Established settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific Ocean – 1513 • de Coronado- Spain - Explored north from Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon -1540 • de Soto- Spain - Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River - 1541

15. Explorers Sailing For France • Jacques Cartier- France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535 • Samuel de Champlain- France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608

16. First Spanish Conquests: The AztecsCortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519 and took control of modern day Mexico. vs. Hernando Cortés Montezuma II

17. Destruction of Aztec Civilization The native population in Central America was decimated as a result of Hernan Cortes’s expedition. The native population of over 20 million (before 1520) fell to under two million before the 1600’s. In some areas nearly 90 percent of the population died as a result of the Spanish takeover.

18. First Spanish Conquests: The IncasPizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532 vs. Atahualpa Francisco Pizarro

19. The Incan Empire was still flourishing when the first Spanish expedition arrived in the central Andes. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro and a small band of about 180 men landed on the Pacific coast of South America. Pizarro brought steel weapons, gunpowder, and horses. The Inca had none of these. Conquest of the Inca

20. European Exploration EFFECTS • Europeans reach and settle Americas • Expanded knowledge of world geography • Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism • Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations • Introduction of the institution of slavery • Columbian Exchange

21. The Columbian Exchange • “European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.” • The Columbian Exchange revolutionized life in the Americas, Europe, and Africa. • “The arrival of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere in the 15th and 16th centuries triggered extensive demographic and social changes on both sides of the Atlantic.” • What were positives and negatives of the Columbian Exchange on both hemispheres? • What were reasons that led to European exploration?

22. Columbian Exchangeor the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa * Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis * Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

23. The Columbian Exchange • What was it? • The exchange of plants, animals, culture, humans, diseases, etc. between the Americas, Europe, and Africa • Examples of goods: • Americas to Europe and Africa: potatoes, maize (corn), tomatoes • Europe to the Americas: wheat, rice, horses, chickens, oxen • Impact of exchange? • In Europe and Asia: massive population growth due to new food • In Africa: Spanish and Portuguese used Africans from West Africa to be used as slaves in the Americas • In the Americas: spread of diseases (smallpox), social classes (Mestizos), horse transformed Native life (made hunting easier), Encomienda system

24. European Views of Natives and Africans • “Contact among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.” • How did Europeans view the Natives and justify their treatment of them? • How did Africans adapt to life in the Western Hemisphere while still preserving their own cultures?

25. European Views of Natives and Africans • “European overseas expansion and sustained contacts with Africans and American Indians dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships among and between white and nonwhite peoples.” • Many Spanish and Portuguese did not understand Natives and their cultures • Natives were viewed as “Savages” by many Europeans • Juan de Sepulveda: • Advocated harsh treatment of Natives • Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity

26. Bartolome de Las Casas: • Argued that Natives deserved the same treatment as all other men • Played an instrumental role in the ending of the encomienda system • Europeans began to develop a belief in white superiority to justify the treatment of Africans and Natives

27. Views of Natives and Africans • “Native peoples and Africans in the Americas strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy in the face of European challenges to their independence and core beliefs” • The Spanish often tried to convert Natives to Christianity • Spanish Mission System: • Outposts throughout the Americas to help convert Natives • Outposts were often military bases as well • Don Juan de Onate defeated the Pueblos • Spanish established Santa Fe in 1610 • Spanish priests and government suppressed Native practices that were inconsistent with Christianity • Spanish demanded tribute and labor from Natives • Many Africans preserved their culture and autonomy in the New World • Maroon Communities: • Consisted of runaway slaves, many were located in the Caribbean • Many Africans would combine elements of Christianity with their native African religions and customs

28. Encomiendas • “In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the encomienda system to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources, was gradually replaced by African slavery.” • Feudal labor arrangement, imposed in Spanish colonies in the Americas, by which Spanish settlers were granted Indian subjects who were obliged to pay tribute in goods and forced labor.

29. Background Info Nicolás de Ovando • Early 16th century • Spanish system of control over Natives in much of the Americas • What did it do? • Royal grants of land from the Spanish Crown to Spaniards • In return, the Spanish promised to Christianize the Natives living on the land • Spanish gained tribute from the Natives • How were Natives affected? • Most were treated harshly • Heavy manual labor – building roads and infrastructure • Encomiendas became wealthy due to the discovery of gold and silver

30. Downfall of the Encomienda System • Many Catholics began to protest the harsh treatment of the Natives • Mestizos (individuals of Spanish and Native Ancestry) could not be forced to work the encomienda system • In time, this helped lead to the decline of the system • Gradually, the system was replaced by African slave labor, like many areas of the Americas Bartolomé de las Casas