Words and expressions Translation

1. Words and expressions Translation • Words do not have meanings; people have meanings from words.（词本无义，义随人生。）汉英词语间的差异带着浓厚的文化特征，出现了多义词，歧义词及双关语、同义词、反义词等常见而难以翻译的语言现象。

2. Chapter Six

3. 1. 多义词 • 通过联系上下文，注意词语的褒贬、广狭和搭配习惯，确定多义词在特定语境中的含义。

4. 1）上下文 如：“发”，“意见” • 发货 deliver goods 发言 speak at the meeting • 发烧 have a fever 发信 post a letter 发邮件 send an e-mail • 发电 generate electricity 发传单 distribute leaflets • 发光发热 emit light and heat • 他们就大家共同关心的问题交换了意见。 They exchanged views on the issues of common concern. • 学校领导应倾听群众的意见。 The leaders of the school should listen carefully to the opinions of the mass.

5. 专家对这个项目提出了修改意见。 The experts made some suggestions for the revision of the project. • 大家对你很有意见。 People have a lot of complains about you. • 他们就何时出发取得了一致意见。 They have reached unanimity on when to start out. • 他们在会上闹起了意见。 They got into disputes at the meeting.

6. 2）词义的褒贬 如：“热衷” • 她热衷于花样滑冰。 She is fond of figure skating. • 他热衷于个人名利。 He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.

7. 3）词义的广狭 如：“皮” • 人皮 skin 书皮 cover 树皮 bark 兽皮 hide • 出入下车。 No cycling at the gate/ Cyclists please dismount. • 兔死狐悲。 The fox mourns the death of the hare ___ like grieves for like.

8. 4) 词语搭配 如：“看” • Look at the blackboard. • see a film, watch TV, read books • 我看出了他的心事。I could read his mind. • 他看出了她的破绽。He spotted her weak point.

9. 2. 歧义词—同时具有两种或两种以上解释的词，实际意义与字面意义不同，易引起误解或误译的词。

10. 1）古今含义不同 • 贤慧——旧指三从四德（virtuous），现指通情达理（considerate). 山东——古指华山以东，现山东省。 2)同形异义 • 妻子——古指妻子儿女（wife and children），今指妻子（wife） • 东西便宜，你可便宜从事，不必禀我。 • If it is cheap, you can do what you see fit without telling me.

11. 3）一物多称 • 金星，启明星，太白星——Venus • 河汉，长河，云汉，星河，均指银河——the milky way • 西席，西宾，先生，师长，师傅——teacher 4）俗语，称谓 • 小弟：指说话者本人 （谦称）I ,me • 兄弟我虽不才，但还懂得“不以言举人，不以人废言”的道理。 • Ignorant as I am, I know not to promote a person for what he says, nor to undervalue what is said because of the person who says it.

12. 3.双关语（pun） • 所谓双关，就是利用语音、语义条件，使某些词或句子在特定语境下，具有明暗双重意义，故有一语双关之说，英语还可“二语双关”，即重复一个多义词或叠用一对同音/同形异义词，甚至谐音词，以产生幽默效果。On Sunday they pray (祈祷) for you, and on Monday they prey (敲诈）on you. • 翻译中常采用“直译加注”、“意译”、等方法。

13. 春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。 • And the silk-worms of spring will weaver until they die, • And every night the candle will weep till they dry. 狗撵鸭子呱呱叫。 • Chased by the dog, the ducks quack –crack. 你是萍---凭什么打我的儿子。 • Why, you are my---mighty with your fist?

14. Exercises: 1.他们讲索取，我们讲奉献。 2.他追求的真理，而她追求的是荣华富贵。 3.他弄得家里鸡犬不宁 4.君子成人之美。 5.精卫是炎帝之少女曰女娃。 6. 金钱、美女、城市的繁华生活，都没有使他动心，他仍旧埋头于科学研究。

15. 1.They preach taking from others, whereas we advocate giving to others. 2.What he seeks is truth, and what she hankers after is but high position and great wealth. 3.He stirred his whole family into a tempest. 4.A gentleman is always ready to help others attain their aims. 5.The bird was said to be Emperor Yandi’s youngest daughter, NuWa. 6. Neither money nor pretty woman, still less the pleasures of city life, lured him away from immerging himself in scientific studies.

16. 4．同义词 • 实际上，一对或一串同义词在意义、用法、感情色彩、文体意义、搭配习惯等方面，并不尽相同。翻译时，要仔细辨析词义，注意感情色彩的差异和搭配习惯及区分文体意义。如“哭”一词，因其方式不同而有“哽咽”、“饮泣”、“痛哭”、“嚎啕大哭”等，英语中也有等词。翻译时，要弄清原文意思，选用最贴切的词。

17. 1) 让我们把译文和原文做一番比较，看看有无出入。 Let’s compare the translation with the original so as to see if there is any discrepancy. • 他的行为与他的话语很不想符，很少有人相信他。 His conduct contrasts so sharply wit his words.

18. 2）学生很羡慕他的博学。 His students admire him for his wide range of knowledge. • 她不该嫉妒人，说人家的坏话。 It is unwise of her to be jealous of others and to speak evil of others.

19. 3) 那位贪污受贿的官员被撤消了职务。 The official who is guilty of corruption and taking bribes has been dismissed from his post. • 他因违章开车被永远吊销了驾驶执照。 His driving license has been revoked once and for all because of his violation of traffic regulations.

20. 4) 那个小男孩把魔方摆弄了半天，摇摇头说：“真难！” Having tried a long time, the little boy shook his head at Rubik”s cute, saying, “This is too much.” • 老局长听完案情报告，皱着眉头道：“这个很棘手。” Having heard the report on the case, the head of the public security bureau frowned, saying, “There’s the rub.”

21. Put the following into English: 1．这本书会指导我们更好的掌握翻译技巧。 2．院长亲自带领学生参赛。 3． 这是一个很成熟的计划，现在的问题是如何实施。 4．交警采取了有效措施来疏导阻塞的车辆。 5．有效的管理是降低成本的重要因素。 6．应把闲散人员变为生产工人。 7．他的演说在听众中反映平平。 8．中国出口产品越来越受国外顾客的青睐。 9．昨天我打热线询问了一些关于如何安装数字电视的问题。 10. 欧共体正在召开部长级会议讨论如何对付石油价格上问题。

22. 1. This book will guide us towards a better mastery of the art of translating . 2.The president himself led the students into the competition. 3.This is a well-considered plan. What is now important is how to put it into effect. 4.The traffic policemen took effective measures to relieve traffic jams. 5. Efficient management is one of the factors which will lower production cost. 6. We should turn the idle bread eaters into productive workers.

23. 7.His speech met with an indifferent response in his audience. 8.The Chinese export commodities have enjoyed growing favor among buyers abroad. 9.Yesterday I asked some questions through the hot line about how to install a digital TV. 10. A ministerial conference is called among EEC members to discuss how to deal with the growing price of the petrol.

24. 5. 反义词 • 由于英汉语结构的差别及东西方的不同思维角度，有时会出现字面意义与实际意义不同的情况，造成误译。

25. 1. 方圆左近的人，谁不知道她？ Who in the neighborhood doesn’t know her ? 2. 屋里静悄悄的，一点儿动静都没有。 I was quiet in the house, nothing stirring. 3. 反正得去个人，就让我去吧。 Since someone has to go anyway, let me go. 4. 两种办法各有得失。 Each of the two methods has its advantages and disadvantages. 5. 这是个编码过程，同时又是个解码过程。 This is an encoding process as well as a decoding one.

26. Translate the following into English: 1.太平门 2.自学 3.红眼 4.寒衣 5.肤浅 6.这篇文章纯粹是在颠倒黑白。 7.你真不知好歹。 8.此事无足轻重。 9.此人说话不知轻重。 10. 这是后话。

27. 1. Emergency exit 2. Self-taught 3. Green-eye 4. Warm clothes 5. Skin-deep 6. The writer of the article is doing nothing but confusing right and wrong . 7. You simply couldn’t tell what’s good or bad for you. 8. It is a matter of no consequence. 9. He doesn’t know the proper way to talk. 10. We are getting ahead of the story.

28. 6.抽象性词语、形象性词语 • 形象与抽象是两个相互对立、相互依存的概念，翻译时，既可保留其原有个性，也可使其相互转化。一般说来，表范畴的抽象词无须译出。 • 试比较： 1) 他善于做信访工作。 He is experienced in handling letters and visits from the mass. 2)他已完成了这项工作。 He has finished the job.

29. 同一形象表达相同的涵义，可直译. 如：树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光，没精打采的，是渴睡人的眼。 Through the branches are a couple of lamps, as listless as sleepy eyes. • 若喻义不同，只好放弃原文形象，只译其喻义. 如: 我不贪图下海挣大钱，只想毕业后在中学里找个铁饭碗。 I don’t want to earn good money by engaging myself in trade, I just want to find upon graduation a secured job in a middle school. • (as brass---西洋乐器；crown---王权；丝竹---Chinese music instruments; 乌纱帽---official position)

30. 在不违反译语规范和不影响读者理解的前提下，尽量保留原有形象，稍加变通，增加一些简单的说明性文字。在不违反译语规范和不影响读者理解的前提下，尽量保留原有形象，稍加变通，增加一些简单的说明性文字。 • 如：他和我情同骨肉。 He is as dear to me as my ownflesh and blood. • 当下磕头如捣蒜，只求饶命。 Kowtowing as quickly as a pestle pounding onions, he begged that his life be spared.

31. Put the following into English: 1.会谈中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权方面的问题。 2.他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动。 3.会上，两方发生争执，一方拂袖而去。 4.你告不赢他的， 县里当官的和他同穿一条裤子。 5.他的话把我打入闷葫芦里了。 6.才有了一点进步，他就翘兔子尾巴了。 7.黑暗中一个黑影吓得他魂飞魄散。 8.他拜倒在了她的石榴裙下。 9.目前，公司的经营情况已有所好转。 10.科学化、民主化的决策是实行民主集中制的重要环节。 11. 我行我素。

32. 1.During the talks, their discussion has been centered round protection of intellectual property rights. 2.Their optimism moved us greatly. 3.The two parties fell into fierce dispute. At last one party got up abruptly and walked off in a huff. 4.You won’t win the lawsuit against him。Officials in the county are hand in glove with him. 5.His words threw me into bewilderment. 6.With some progress, he became cocky. 7.He was half dead with a black figure in the darkness. 8.He worshipped her on his knees. 9.At present ,the business in our company is turning for the better. 10.Scientific and democratic decision-making is essential to democratic centralism. 11.I’ll stick to my old practice.

33. 7. 拟声词 • 拟声词，又称象声词，是模仿事物或动作声音的词。汉译时，常采用音译法，补充法等。

34. 音译法，即创造新的拟声词。但拟声造词不等于死译汉语发音，往往要加小音。如木鱼的“笃笃”声译为 tock-tock ；鸟的“唧唧”声可译为 jig-jig；发报机的“嗒嗒嗒”声译为tap-tap-tap，其中ck, g, p 是汉语里没有的小音。还有，做感叹词的汉语拟声词往往表示说话者的感情或态度，翻译时要考虑是否切实可行。 • 如：“呃啾”的一声响，爱姑知道是七大爷打喷嚏了，但不由得转过眼去看。 “Ah-tchew!” Though Ai-gu knew it was only Seventh Master sneezing ,she could not help turning to look at him. • “阿唷！赵得保怯痛地叫了一声，他的左手连忙去按摩着右胳膊。 “Ouch!” yelped Chao The-pao, his left hand flying to his right arm and rubbing gently.

35. 很多情况下，表疼痛、惊讶、恐怖、高兴的“呀”，“咦”，“哟”等词，可借用英语同义感叹词来译。很多情况下，表疼痛、惊讶、恐怖、高兴的“呀”，“咦”，“哟”等词，可借用英语同义感叹词来译。 • 咦，奇怪。 Well, that’s strange. • 哎哟，真烫！ Ow! It’s piping hot! • 哼，我不像你，见了钱就忘了命， Humph! I am not like you… show you a handful of coppers and you break your neck to get it.

36. 补充法，即原文没用拟声词，为使译文形象生动而增添拟声词的方法。如借用一些专门词汇，翻译“声”，“响”或动物的“叫”，“鸣”。或酌情补充英语拟声词来表示人的哭、笑及某种动作必然带来的某种声响等。 • 工地上传来了马达声。 From the construction site comes the rumbling of the machines. • 清幽的小巷里响起了清脆的自行车铃声。 I heard the crisp jangling of the bicycle rising from the quiet alley. • 炉子里炭火烧得正旺，映得她的脸红红的。 The charcoal in the stove was cracking ,which made her face rather red.

37. 蚊群在窗外柳树上叫着，青蛙在城郊的田野里兴奋地叫着。蚊群在窗外柳树上叫着，青蛙在城郊的田野里兴奋地叫着。 A swarm of mosquitoes was droning in the willows outside his window and frogs in the fields outside the town were croaking cheerfully. • 她笑骂道：“该死的，吓死我了。我还当是闹鬼了呢。” She cursed him, giggling:” Damn you! What fright you gave me .I think I saw a ghost.” • 老板厉声说道：“你昏了头了，教训起我来了。” The bass snarled: “ You are crazy! You dare to lecture me !”

38. The following are some of the sounds made by birds, insects, animals, things or persons: • Cock---crow hen---cackle chicken---cheep Duck---quack goose---cackle dove---coo • Magpie(喜鹊)---chatter nightingale---jug parrot---squawk • pig---grunt horse---neigh cow---moo dog---bark sheep---baa ass---bray • lion---roar tiger---growl wolf---bow fox---yelp mouse---peep cat---mew • bee---buzz mosquito---hum cicada（蝉)---chirp cricket(蟋蟀)---chirp snake---hiss frog---croak

39. click 喀嚓 clack 锵 clink 叮叮 ticktack 滴答 • chatter 唠叨声 chuckle 轻声笑 giggle 咯咯笑 hum 哼 hush 嘘 ouch 诶呀/哎哟 murmur咕哝 mutter轻声低语 • whisper---耳语声whoop---喘气声

40. Put the following into English: 1．一只猫头鹰在岭头的枯树上狰狞地叫着。 2．到处静悄悄的，光听见人的鼾声和马嚼草料的声音。 3．鸟鸣和着溪水的流水声，在春风里轻轻地回荡。 4．一到雨天，附近的居民就得踏着泥泞买菜。 5．那放牛娃慌忙从牛背上跳下，对那贪吃的狗狠狠地抽了一鞭子。

41. 1. An owl was hooting on the old tree standing on the top of the ridge. 2. All was quiet except for some people snoring ,and the horse chewing mash. 3.The bird-song and the babbling of the streams danced lightly on the spring breeze. 4.Whenever it rains, the residents in the neighborhood have to splash through the mire to buy vegetables 5. The cowboy quickly jumped off his cow, gave the greedy dog a good whack.

42. 8．数量词 • 英语中没有量词，翻译时，可不必译出。数量词及它们构成的短语常用作副词、形容词、动词等，不必照实译出。不可拘泥于汉语的形式，直译或直译加注，或按英语的习惯用法来翻译。

43. 四项基本原则 the four cardinal principles • 三资企业 three investment enterprises (Sino-foreign joint ventures, Sino-foreign joint management enterprises, exclusively foreign-funded enterprises) • 双百方针 the policy of “let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend” • 三乱 indiscriminate fines, charges and assessments

44. 一套巴金全集 a set of The complete Works of Ba Jin • 那时她正值二八妙龄。 She was at her sweet seventeen. • 三回五次，他留下来，在山寨里吃了一日酒，已有七八分醉了。 Being repeatedly urged to stay, he spent the day in the lair feasting with them and was almost drunk。

45. Translate the following: 1. 一言堂 2. 家长制 3. 新校园是旧校园的三倍大。 4. 两年间，粮食产量翻了一翻。 5. 采用了新工艺，生产成本降低了25%。 6. 你不该对此事说三到四。 7．他三句话不离本行。 8．祝你百尺竿头，更进一步。 9．别三心二意了，就这样办吧。 10.此乃千载难逢的好机会，你一定要抓住。

46. 1.papa-knows-all-style 2.the system of one-man leadership 3.The new campus covers 3 times as large an area as the old one. 4.The output of the grain has doubled in two years. 5.The adoption of the new technique reduced /lowered the cost of production by one quarter /25%. 6.You should not have said anything about the matter. 7.She talks shop all the while. 8.Wish you still greater progress. 9.Don’t shilly-shally. Go right ahead. 10. You must seize this opportunity. It is a chance of lifetime.

47. 连动式与兼语式的英译处理 • 连动式---两个或两个以上的动词共一个主语的结构，其中的动词可带宾语、补语，但不带连词。可分为并列式、从属式和链式。

48. 并列式连动式 • 几个动词表示动作间先后关系或同时关系。翻译时常将较次要的动词译作现在分词（当伴随情况），先后关系用and 连接。 • 他解开了大襟上的纽扣，抓着衣角扇了几下，站起来回家去了。 Unfastening the jacket, he gripped its lower hem and swung it back and forth a few times to fan himself .Then he stood up and started for home .

49. 那辆面的撞倒了一个小女孩后逃离了现场。 • Having knocked the little girl down , the taxi -driver fled away from the spot. • 农民们敲锣打鼓庆祝新春佳节。 • The farmers beat drums and strike gongs to celebrate the Spring Festival. • 但有些汉语词组看似并列式，实不然。如“来龙去脉”，“思来想去”，其中来，去早已虚化，只作修饰语，译时按实际意义。 • Cause and effect , think over /weigh over, • 披头散发， Wear one’s hair loose, 穿针引线act as a go-between

50. 几个动词有主次之分，主次之间有条件、方式、对象、目的、因果等关系，翻译时，主要动词做谓语，其他译作不定式，分词，介词短语等。几个动词有主次之分，主次之间有条件、方式、对象、目的、因果等关系，翻译时，主要动词做谓语，其他译作不定式，分词，介词短语等。 • 让我帮你填报关表吧。 Let me help you to fill the customs declaration . • 你最好打个电话跟他约个时间见面谈谈。 You’d better fix an appointment with him over the phone to meet for a talk. • 我们必须以高度的责任感，集中精力，搞好学习，进一步完善自己。 With a high sense of responsibility ,we will concentrate on our study in the hope of improving ourselves.