BELLWORK

1. BELLWORK • Summarize Eisenhower’s policy of containment. (“New Look”) • Summarize Khrushchev’s idea of “peaceful coexistence.” • Why was there a “thaw” in tensions between 1953-1955. • Why did East-West tensions increase again after 1955? • Why did the Soviet launch of Sputnik create panic in Americans? • How did U.S. Congress & Eisenhower respond to the Soviet launch of Sputnik? • THINKER: Eisenhower and Khrushchev met several times between 1953-1962. Although no decisions were reached, how did this show potential for a “thaw” in East-West tensions? What events made this “thaw” unlikely after 1960?

2. The Cold War “thaw!” New leaders, threat of nuclear warfare & “missile gap”

3. Stalin’s Death • March 5, 1953 • 1953-1958: Post-death struggle for leadership; eventually Khrushchev comes to power Gregory Malenkov

4. Changes in Leadership - 1953 Dwight Eisenhower Nikita Khrushchev Co-existence • New Look Compare/Contrast the policies of Eisenhower & Khrushchev

5. The Cold War in the 1950s: Space Race • October 4, 1957 – USSR launched the first satellite, Sputnik, into orbit. • The Sputnik launch confirmed the Soviet Union’s superpower status. • Became first artificial satellite into geocentric orbit on October 4, 1957. • The race to control space had begun! • Khrushchev: “We will bury you!”

6. US Response: NASA • In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created.

7. Achievements in the Space Race • Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit the Earth in 1961 • Later in 1961, Alan Sheppard, Jr. became the first American astronaut in space. • In 1962, John Glenn, Jr. became the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth. • The first woman to reach space was Soviet astronaut Valentina Tereshkova in 1963.

8. Yuri Gagarin Alan Shepard John Glenn Valentina Tereshkova

9. New President attempts to win Space Race • In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected President. • First Catholic president • Youngest president ever; at age 43 • First televised presidential debate- 70 million viewers thought that Kennedy won. Radio listeners Nixon won • Increased government spending on defense, and math/science education • Created the Peace Corps • On May 25,1961, Kennedy gave a speech challenging America to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade.

12. Man On The Moon!!! • In 1969, U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins made it to the moon. • Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon, followed by Buzz Aldrin.

13. BELLWORK • In your opinion, what were the TWO main developments of the arms race? • Why was the arms race so intense during the Cold War? What fueled this race? • Explain Eisenhower’s arms race policy of “massive retaliation.” • Explain Kennedy’s arms race policy of “counterforce.” Why was this problematic? • How were nuclear weapons limited between 1968-1972? • THINKER: Robert McNamara (JFK’s Secretary of Defense) believed MAD was a deterrent to nuclear war….. “It’s not mad! Mutually Assured Destruction is the foundation of deterrence.” Do you agree with McNamara’s view that MAD made the world a safer place? Explain!

14. U-2 Incident • On May 1, 1960 a U.S. spy plane piloted by CIA Agent Francis Gary Powers was flying over the USSR and was shot down. • Powers’ mission was to take aerial photos of two major missile test sites in the Soviet Union. • Powers was unable to activate plane's self-destruct mechanism before he parachuted to the ground, right into the hands of the KGB.

15. When US learned of Powers' disappearance over USSR, it issued a statement claiming that a "weather plane" crashed after its pilot had "difficulties with his equipment." US officials did not realize: Plane crashed intact Soviets recovered its photography equipment Captured Powers, whom they interrogated extensively for months before he made a "voluntary confession" and public apology for his part in US espionage Eisenhower refused to apologize for the U-2 Incident saying surveillance was “distasteful, but a vital necessity.” The U-2 Incident 15

16. How a U-2 works • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvmqmG30dHo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih57FiOeZXU • Skip to landing w/ car

17. After the U.S. dropped nuclear bombs on Japan, the world wanted their own nuclear bombs. This started an arms race: competition between two or more countries for the best/most armed forces & weapons. Each country competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies and military technologies. UK, France, US, Soviet Union, and People’s Republic of China all produced nuclear weapons. The Cold War Arms Race

18. American experts believed that the Soviet Union would not have nuclear bombs until the mid 50s. However, the Soviet Union tested their first atomic bomb in 1949 Joe-One, the Soviets first nuclear bomb, was a copy of the American bomb, Fat Man. (weaker) The whole world watched in shock at the Soviet Union’s new weapon. Soviet Power

20. Both parties believed that more nukes = more power! Soviet Union built more nuclear weapons with cheaper quality. Americans built fewer nuclear weapons, but with better quality. Soviet Program VS American Program

22. Both countries worked frantically to produce the first hydrogen bomb. The US detonated the first H-Bomb in November 1952. The Soviets exploded their H-Bomb in August 1953. Hydrogen Bomb

23. US exploded its first hydrogen bomb in 1952. It was 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. • USSR detonated theirs in 1953 Hydrogen Bomb Explosion

24. Global Nuclear Confrontation • The Soviet army had over 260 divisions of the armed forces. • American military planners were forced to adopt a nuclear strategy in face of the overwhelmingly superiority of Soviet forces. • They would deter any Soviet attack by setting in place a devastating atomic counterattack. • For the next quarter century, the U.S. and the USSR would engage in a nuclear arms race that constantly increased the destructive capability of both sides.

27. Advancements in Missiles & Delivery • ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile) • SLBM (Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile) • ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) • MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)

28. ICBMs • Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles • The most important development in terms of nuclear delivery in the 1950s. • Missiles delivered bombs instead of bomber aircrafts. • Missiles could now reach areas thousands of miles away.

31. Launch of an SLBM from a British submarine How an MIRV works

32. Testing of MIRV’s: all eight (ten capable) fired from only one missile. Each line represents the path of a warhead which, if it were live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty-five Little Boys (Nagasaki)

34. Strategic nuclear missiles, warheads and throw-weights of United States and USSR, 1964-1982

35. How did the American government use propaganda to fuel the arms race?

36. Arms Race Clips • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2kdpAGDu8s (Duck & Cover) • First H-bomb test http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNcQX033V_M • Johnson’s Campaign Ad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDTBnsqxZ3k&feature=related • Dr. Seuss’ Butter Battle Book

37. Mutually Assured Destruction (M.A.D.) • If no one could survive a nuclear war……then there would not be one. • First to shoot, is second to die! • Both sides saw the need for agreements on how to manage nuclear weapons: • Test-ban Treaty of 1968 • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty of 1972 (SALT) • Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972

38. End of the Arms Race • Economic problems led to arms control agreements beginning in the 1970s. This period of time, known as détente. • Détente: Both countries reduced their nuclear spending and stockpiles.