England from 1603-1688

1. England from 1603-1688 James I 1603-1625 Charles I 1625-1649 Civil War 1642-1649 Oliver Cromwell 1649-1658 Richard Cromwell 1658-1660 Charles II 1660-1685 James II 1685- 1688 William & Mary 1689

2. James I • In 1603 James VI of Scotland (r. 1603-1635), the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, without opposition or incident succeeded the childless Elizabeth I as James I of England.

3. Difficult situation The elderly Elizabeth I had been very popular and was totally identified with the nation. James was not well known, would never be popular, and, as a Scot, was an outsider. He inherited not only the Crown but a large Royal debt and a fiercely divided Church.

4. Divine Right of Kings James strongly advocated the Divine Right of Kings, a subject on which he had written a book- A Trew Law of Free Monarchies in 1598. In this period of time Parliament met only when the Monarch summoned it, which James hoped to do rarely. Parliament’s chief business was to grant certain sources of income to the King. “Purse Strings”.

5. The Religious Problem Puritans within the Church of England had hoped that James’s experience with the Scottish Presbyterian Church and his own Protestant upbringing would inline him to help in their efforts to further the reformation of the English Church. Since the days of Elizabeth I the Puritans had sought to eliminate elaborate religious ceremonies and replace the hierarchical episcopal system of church governance with a more representative Presbyterian form like that of the Calvinist Churches on the continent.

6. James response James firmly declared his intention to maintain and even enhance the Anglican Episcopacy. “A Scottish presbytery, “ he snorted, “agreeth as well with monarchy as God and the Devil. No Bishops, No King”.

7. War with Spain Shortly before James death, England entered a continental war with Spain largely to overcome questions about his soft position on Spain and Catholicism James died in 1625 and was replaced by his son, Charles I.

8. Charles I and Parliament • Parliament had favored war with Spain but would not adequately finance it because they did not trust his government . • James resorted to extra-parliamentary measures. • He levied new tariffs and duties and attempted to collect discontinued taxes. • He subjected the English people to a forced loan ( a tax theoretically to be repaid) • The government quartered troops in private homes

9. Parliaments response When Parliament met in 1628, its members were furious. Parliament expressed its displeasure by making the King’s request for new funds conditional on his recognition of the Petition of Right.

10. CI- Petition of Right 1628 Parliament forced Charles I to accept the “petition of right” before voting him new funds Petition of right declared illegal: Quartering of troops in private homes Forced loans without consent of parliament Imprisonment without specific charge Declaration of martial law in time of peace

11. Petition cont. Charles actually ruled without calling another parliament from 1629-1640

12. Ship Money Tax Charles minsters exploited every legal fundraising device. Starting in 1634, they gradually extended inland to the whole of England a tax called ship money, normally only paid by coastal locations to pay for naval protection. A great landowner named John Hampden mounted a legal challenge to the extension of this tax. The King won the case, but landowners were angry.

13. War with Scotland Charles might have ruled indefinitely without parliament had not his religious policies provoked war with Scotland. Charles I hoped impose religious conformity on England and Scotland. William Laud who was Charles I chief religious advisor held a high church view of Anglicanism. He favored powerful Bishops, elaborate liturgy and personal religious observance and devotion rather than the preaching and listening favored by the puritans.

14. 1637 In 1637 Charles I and Laud, against the opposition of the English Puritans as well as the Scots, tried to impose upon Scotland the English episcopal system and a prayerbook almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer. The Scots rebelled, and Charles with insufficient resources for a war was forced to call parliament.

15. Parliament’s response Parliament opposed his policies almost as they wanted to crush the rebellion. Led by John Pym, Parliament refused to consider funds for war until the King agreed to deal with a long list of political and religious grievances

16. The Short Parliament April-May 1640 The King in response to Pym’s grievances immediately dissolved the Parliament. When the Presbyterian Scots invaded England and defeated the English at the battle of Newburn in the summer of 1640, Charles reconvened Parliament, this time on Parliaments terms, for a long duration. (Long Parliament).

17. The Long Parliament The landowners and the merchant classes represented by Parliament had resented the King’s financial measures and paternalistic rule for some time. The Puritans in Parliament resented his religious policies. The levying of new taxes without the consent of Parliament and the inland extension of the ship money tax now became illegal. Finally Parliament resolved that no more than 3 years should pass between its meetings and that it could not be dissolved without its own consent.

18. Presbyterians vs. Independents Parliament was divided over the precise direction to take on religious reform. Both moderate Presbyterians and the more extreme Independents wanted the complete abolition of the episcopal system. The Presbyterians sought to reshape England religiously along Calvinist lines, with local congregations subject to higher representative governing bodies (Presbyters). Independents wanted a much more decentralized Church with every congregation as its own final authority.

19. Conservatives in Parliament Many Conservatives in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords were determined to preserve the English Church in its current form.

20. 1641 Rebellion in Ireland These divisions intensified in October 1641 when a rebellion erupted in Ireland and Parliament was asked to raise funds for an army to suppress it. Pym argued that Charles could not be trusted with an army and that parliament should become the commander in Chief of English Armed forces. Parliamentary conservatives were appalled by such a bold departure from tradition.

21. The Grand Remonstrance Charles I saw the division within Parliament as a chance to reassert his power. On Dec. 1 1641, Parliament presented him with the “Grand Remonstrance,” a more than 200 article summary of popular and parliamentary grievances against the crown. In January 1642, Charles I invaded Parliament with his soldiers. He intended to arrest Pym and the other leaders, but they had escaped.

22. Civil War 1642-1646 The King withdrew from London and began to raise an army. The House of Commons passed the militia Ordinance which allowed the Parliament to raise an army of its own. For the next 4 years Civil War engulfed England.

23. Civil War: 2 Issues Would and absolute monarchy or a parliamentary government rul over England. Would English Religion be controlled by the King’s Bishops and conform to High Anglican practice or adopt a decentralized Presbyterian system of Church government.

24. Cavaliers vs. Roundheads Charles I’s supporters were known as Cavaliers. The parliamentary opposition were known as Roundheads. Supporters of both sides included nobility, gentry and townspeople. The Chief factor distinguishing them was religion; the Puritans tended to favor parliament.

25. Solemn League and Covenant

26. James I 1603-1625 Also James VI of Scotland Great Grandson of Henry VII Divine Right of Kings “King is from God and the Law is from the King”

27. James’ Problems Clashed with Puritans who wished to “purify” the Anglican Church Parliament resented James’ Divine Right philosophy Puritans were a powerful group in the Parliament Parliament controlled legitimate means to raise taxes

28. Charles I 1635-1649

29. Charles I, son of James I Believed in Divine Right Still squabbled with Parliament and Puritans Had financial problems Demanded forced loans from his subjects Quartered troops in private homes at owners expense

30. CI’s religious policies were unpopular Forced Puritans to conform to the Church of England Charles I relaxed restrictions against Roman Catholics 1637 Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, tried to force Anglicanism on Scotland Charles had to summon Parliament in 1640 to raise money for war preparation against the Scots.

31. Parliaments response Parliament refused to raise funds until the King responded to a list of grievances Charles I dissolved the Parliament after only three weeks The Scots then attacked Charles inadequate army, Charles agreed to pay the Scots to withdraw again called Parliament This led to the Long Parliament

32. Long Parliament 1640-1660 Parliament forced the King to accept a whole series of measures to limit his Royal Power In 1642, King Charles tried to prevent further Parliamentary action by ordering the arrest of five of the leaders of Parliament in opposition to the King

33. Civil War 1642-1649 King Vs. Parliament King: Cavaliers Parliament: Round heads

34. Oliver Cromwell Commonwealth 1648-1653 Protectorate 1653-1660

35. English Civil War 1642-1649

36. Archbishop William Laud In 1637 against the opposition of the English Puritans as well as the Scots, Laud tried to impose upon Scotland the English Episcopal system and a prayer book almost identical to the English Book of Common Prayer The Scots rebelled and Charles I with insufficient funds for a war was forced to call Parliament

37. Short Parliament 1640-1640 Led by John Pym, Parliament refused even to consider funds for war until the King agreed to address Parliament’s grievances. The King in response immediately dissolved the Parliament When the Scottish army defeated the English at the battle of Newburn, Charles reconvened Parliament.

38. Long Parliament Laud tried and later executed No new taxes without consent of Parliament Parliament called at least every three years (triennial act) December 1641 Parliament presents Charles I with the Grand Remonstrance- a list of grievances against the crown

39. Civil War Puritans vs. Roundheads In January 1642, the King invade Parliament with his soldiers Pym and the other leaders had been warned and they escaped

40. Parliament vs. the King Two factors led to Parliaments victory over the King: Parliaments alliance with Scotland, John Pym persuaded Parliament to accept the terms of the Solemn League and Covenant. This agreement committed Parliament to a Presbyterian system of Church government. The reorganization of the Parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell-Independent

41. Victory over the King Cromwell’s New Model Army won a decisive victory over the King at the battle of Naesby 1645.

42. 2nd Civil War In December 1648, Colonel Thomas Pride of the New Model Army barred the Presbyterians from the Parliament. After Pride’s Purge only a rump of 50 Independents remained in Parliament After a trial by a special court, the Rump Parliament executed Charles-and abolished the Monarchy, the House of Lords and the Anglican Church

43. Republic 1649-1653 Cromwell ruled a Puritan Republic During this time Cromwell’s army conquered Ireland and Scotland During this time OC also passed the first Navigation Acts

44. Protectorate 1653-1660 In 1653 the HOC considered disbanding Cromwell’s expensive army, Cromwell responded by marching in and disbanding Parliament. He ruled thereafter as Lord Protector. Cromwell was as intolerant of Anglicans as Charles had been of Puritans. The English people resented his puritanical laws. By 1658 the English were ready to end their Puritan/republican experiment and bring back the monarchy